Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to study both the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and the young stellar population in the three star-forming regions, namely IRAS 05137+3919, 05168+3634, and 19110+1045. The study of the ISM includes determination of the hydrogen column density (N(H2)) and dust temperature (Td) in the regions using modified blackbody fitting. The main parameters of the identified and classified young stellar objects (YSOs) belonging to the regions were determined by comparing with the radiation-transfer models. We also constructed a color–magnitude diagram to compare the parameters of the YSOs with the results of the radiative-transfer models. The three stellar populations appear to have formed under different scenarios. In the cases of IRAS 05137+3919 and IRAS 05168+3634, the age spread is considerably wider, suggesting that the stellar population likely emerged from independent condensations. In contrast, the third region comprises a pair of ultracompact HII regions (UCHIIs), G45.12+0.13 and G45.07+0.13, with a notably smaller age spread. This hints at the possibility that these clusters originated from a single triggering event.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The full tables are available in the VizieR On-line Data Catalog: J/A+A/622/A38.
The complete dataset is accessible in the VizieR On-line Data Catalog: J/other/PASA/39.24.
References
Ambartsumian, V.A.: The evolution of stars and astrophysics (1947)
Azatyan, N.M.: Investigation of the stellar content in the IRAS 05168+3634 star-forming region. Astron. Astrophys. 622, A38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731904. arXiv:1812.06808 [astro-ph.SR]
Azatyan, N.M., Nikoghosyan, E.H.: Investigation of the stellar content in the IRAS 05168+3634 star-forming region. Commun. Byurakan Astrophys. Obs. 65(2), 228–239 (2018). https://doi.org/10.52526/25792776-2018.2.2-228
Azatyan, N.M., Nikoghosyan, E.H., Khachatryan, K.G.: Search for compact stellar groups in the vicinity of iras sources. Astrophysics 59, 339–353 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10511-016-9439-4. arXiv:1608.02225 [astro-ph.SR]
Azatyan, N., Nikoghosyan, E., Harutyunian, H., et al.: Stellar population in two star-forming regions. Commun. Byurakan Astrophys. Obs. 67, 211–218 (2020). https://doi.org/10.52526/25792776-2020.67.2-211
Azatyan, N., Nikoghosyan, E., Harutyunian, H., et al.: Infrared study of the star-forming region associated with the UC HII regions G45.07+0.13 and G45.12+0.13. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 39, e024 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1017/pasa.2022.20, arXiv:2204.06338 [astro-ph.SR]
Battersby, C., Bally, J., Ginsburg, A., et al.: Characterizing precursors to stellar clusters with Herschel. Astron. Astrophys. 535, A128 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116559. arXiv:1101.4654 [astro-ph.GA]
Campbell, B., Persson, S.E., Matthews, K.: Identifications of new young stellar objects associated with IRAS point sources. III. The northern galactic plane. Astron. J. 98, 643 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1086/115164
Carey, S.J., Noriega-Crespo, A., Mizuno, D.R., et al.: MIPSGAL: a survey of the inner galactic plane at 24 and 70 μm. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121(875), 76 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1086/596581
Casoli, F., Dupraz, C., Gerin, M., et al.: 13CO and 12CO observations of cold IRAS unidentified point sources inthe galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 169, 281–297 (1986)
Churchwell, E., Babler, B.L., Meade, M.R., et al.: The Spitzer/GLIMPSE surveys: a new view of the Milky Way. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 121, 213–230 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1086/597811
Cutri, R.M., Skrutskie, M.F., van Dyk, S., et al.: VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003). VizieR Online Data Catalog II/246 (2003)
Fontani, F., Cesaroni, R., Furuya, R.S.: Class I and Class II methanol masers in high-mass star-forming regions. Astron. Astrophys. 517, A56 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913679. arXiv:1004.3689 [astro-ph.GA]
Griffin, M.J., Abergel, A., Abreu, A., et al.: The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L3 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014519. arXiv:1005.5123 [astro-ph.IM]
Guan, X., Wu, Y., Ju, B.: A mapping survey of massive CO cores. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 391(2), 869–880 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13937.x
Hildebrand, R.H.: The determination of cloud masses and dust characteristics from submillimetre thermal emission. Q. J. R. Astron. Soc. 24, 267–282 (1983)
Kauffmann, J., Bertoldi, F., Bourke, T.L., et al.: MAMBO mapping of Spitzer c2d small clouds and cores. Astron. Astrophys. 487(3), 993–1017 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809481. arXiv:0805.4205 [astro-ph]
Könyves, V., André, P., Men’shchikov, A., et al.: A census of dense cores in the Aquila cloud complex: SPIRE/PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt survey. Astron. Astrophys. 584, A91 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525861. arXiv:1507.05926 [astro-ph.GA]
Lada, C.J., Lada, E.A.: Embedded clusters in molecular clouds. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 41, 57–115 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844. arXiv:astro-ph/0301540
López-Chico, T., Salas, L.: Mass determination for T Tauri stars from JHK photometry. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofís. 43, 155–171 (2007). arXiv:astro-ph/0611721
Lucas, P.W., Hoare, M.G., Longmore, A., et al.: The UKIDSS galactic plane survey. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 391, 136–163 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13924.x. arXiv:0712.0100
Molinari, S., Brand, J., Cesaroni, R., et al.: A search for precursors of ultracompact HII regions in a sample of luminous IRAS sources. I. Association with ammonia cores. Astron. Astrophys. 308, 573–587 (1996)
Molinari, S., Schisano, E., Elia, D., et al.: Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues. First data release for the inner Milky Way: +68° \(\geq l \geq-70\)°. Astron. Astrophys. 591, A149 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526380. arXiv:1604.05911 [astro-ph.GA]
Neugebauer, G., Habing, H.J., van Duinen, R., et al.: The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission. Astrophys. J. 278, L1–L6 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1086/184209
Nikoghosyan, E.H., Azatyan, N.: Young stellar cluster in the vicinity of the IRAS 05137+3919 source. Astrophysics 57(3), 330–343 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10511-014-9338-5
Nikoghosyan, E., Azatyan, N., Harutyunian, H., et al.: Properties of ISM in two star-forming regions. Commun. Byurakan Astrophys. Obs. 67, 187–192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.52526/25792776-2020.67.2-187
Nikoghosyan, E.H., Azatyan, N.M., Andreasyan, D.H., et al.: The structure of the IRAS05168+3634 star-forming region. Astrophys. Space Sci. 366(11), 114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-021-04023-4. arXiv:2111.02906 [astro-ph.GA]
Pezzuto, S., Benedettini, M., Di Francesco, J., et al.: Physical properties of the ambient medium and of dense cores in the Perseus star-forming region derived from Herschel Gould Belt Survey observations. Astron. Astrophys. 645, A55 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936534. arXiv:2010.00006 [astro-ph.GA]
Poglitsch, A., Waelkens, C., Geis, N., et al.: The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel space observatory. Astron. Astrophys. 518, L2 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014535. arXiv:1005.1487 [astro-ph.IM]
Preibisch, T.: The reliability of age measurements for young stellar objects from Hertzsprung-Russell or color-magnitude diagrams. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 12, 1–25 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/12/1/001
Price, S.D., Egan, M.P., Carey, S.J., et al.: Midcourse space experiment survey of the galactic plane. Astron. J. 121(5), 2819–2842 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/320404
Robitaille, T.P.: A modular set of synthetic spectral energy distributions for young stellar objects. Astron. Astrophys. 600, A11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425486. arXiv:1703.05765 [astro-ph.SR]
Roy, A., André, P., Palmeirim, P., et al.: Reconstructing the density and temperature structure of prestellar cores from Herschel data: a case study for B68 and L1689B. Astron. Astrophys. 562, A138 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322236. arXiv:1311.5086 [astro-ph.GA]
Sakai, N., Honma, M., Nakanishi, H., et al.: Outer rotation curve of the galaxy with VERA I: trigonometric parallax of IRAS 05168+3634. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 64, 108 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/64.5.108. arXiv:1204.4782 [astro-ph.GA]
Schlegel, D.J., Finkbeiner, D.P., Davis, M.: Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds. Astrophys. J. 500(2), 525–553 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1086/305772. arXiv:astro-ph/9710327 [astro-ph]
Siess, L., Dufour, E., Forestini, M.: An Internet server for pre-main sequence tracks of low- and intermediate-mass stars. Astron. Astrophys. 358, 593–599 (2000). arXiv:astro-ph/0003477
Soderblom, D.R.: The ages of stars. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48, 581–629 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130806. arXiv:1003.6074 [astro-ph.SR]
Varricatt, W.P., Davis, C.J., Ramsay, S., et al.: A near-IR imaging survey of intermediate- and high-mass young stellar outflow candidates. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 404(2), 661–720 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16356.x. arXiv:1001.2708 [astro-ph.SR]
Wouterloot, J.G.A., Brand, J.: IRAS sources beyond the solar circle. I. CO observations. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 80, 149–187 (1989)
Wright, E.L., Eisenhardt, P.R.M., Mainzer, A.K., et al.: The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): mission description and initial on-orbit performance. Astron. J. 140, 1868–1881 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868. arXiv:1008.0031 [astro-ph.IM]
Wu, Y.W., Reid, M.J., Sakai, N., et al.: Trigonometric parallaxes of star-forming regions beyond the tangent point of the Sagittarius spiral arm. Astrophys. J. 874(1), 94 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab001a. arXiv:1901.09313 [astro-ph.GA]
Zhang, Q., Hunter, T.R., Brand, J., et al.: Search for CO outflows toward a sample of 69 high-mass protostellar candidates. II. Outflow properties. Astrophys. J. 625(2), 864–882 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1086/429660
Acknowledgements
I thank the anonymous reviewer for constructive comments and suggestions. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Elena Nikoghosyan, for her invaluable supervision and support during the course of my PhD degree. This work partially was made possible by a research grant number N0 21AG-1C044 from the Science Committee of Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports RA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
N. A. prepared the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Azatyan, N. Search and study of young infrared stellar clusters. Astrophys Space Sci 369, 33 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04298-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-024-04298-3