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Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future

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Abstract

Although the world is acquitting from the throes of COVID-19 and returning to the regularity of life, its effects on physical and mental health are prominently evident in the post-pandemic era. The pandemic subjected us to inadequate sleep and physical activities, stress, irregular eating patterns, and work hours beyond the regular rest-activity cycle. Thus, perturbing the synchrony of the regular circadian clock functions led to chronic psychiatric and neurological disorders and poor immunological response in several COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the links between the host immune system and viral replication machinery from a clock-infection biology perspective promises novel avenues of intervention. Behavioral improvements in our daily lifestyle can reduce the severity and expedite the convalescent stage of COVID-19 by maintaining consistent eating, sleep, and physical activity schedules. Including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with prophylactic value aids in combating COVID-19, as their deficiency can lead to a higher risk of infection, vulnerability, and severity of COVID-19. Thus, besides developing therapeutic measures, perpetual healthy practices could also contribute to combating the upcoming pandemics. This review highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on biological rhythms, sleep–wake cycles, physical activities, and eating patterns and how those disruptions possibly contribute to the response, severity, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Acknowledgements

SR (Sandipan Ray) acknowledges funding from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR/BMS/Adhoc/184/2022-23) and the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH/BME/F163/SOCH3). Shashikant Ray (SR) is supported by an Indian Council of Medical Research-DHR International Postdoctoral Fellowship. SD is supported by a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-University Grants Commission fellowship (UGC-WB10602148). Figure 1 and part of Figure 3 are created with BioRender.com. Parts of Figures 2 and 3 were drawn by using pictures from Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.

Funding

The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR/BMS/Adhoc/184/2022–23) and the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH/BME/F163/SOCH3).

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  1. Sandip Das and Rajni Khan contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India

    Sandip Das, Srishti Banerjee & Sandipan Ray

  2. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Hajipur, Vaishali, Hajipur, 844102, Bihar, India

    Rajni Khan

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, India

    Shashikant Ray

  4. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA

    Shashikant Ray

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SR (Sandipan Ray), SD, and SR (Shashikant Ray) conceived this article. SD, RK, SB, SR (Shashikant Ray), and SR (Sandipan Ray) wrote the manuscript. Figures are drawn by SD. All the authors approved the submitted version of the manuscript.

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Das, S., Khan, R., Banerjee, S. et al. Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future. Mol Neurobiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04178-5

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