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Ancient east-west divergence, recent admixture, and multiple marginal refugia shape genetic structure of a widespread oak species (Quercus acutissima) in China

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Abstract

The interactions of major topographic features with climate fluctuations over time are key factors that influence the spatial genetic structure of trees species. As an important characteristic of China’s terrain, the boundary between the mountainous West China and the lowland East China has been found to contribute to the divergence of many species. In this study, we examined whether the stepped geomorphology of China has shaped the genetic structure of Quercus acutissima, a widespread oak species native to East Asia, at a much larger geographic scale. Thirty natural populations of the species were sampled across the entire distribution in China and genotyped using ten nuclear microsatellite markers. To determine the genetic structure and demographic history, we conducted Bayesian cluster analysis and approximate Bayesian computation. A significant east-west divergence was detected at the species level, with western populations presenting much stronger differentiation and lower genetic diversity than eastern populations. The divergence between the groups of Southwest China and East China was estimated to have occurred 3.55–2.37 million years ago (Ma), closely associated with the recent uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and climate changes during the late Pliocene to the early Pleistocene. The Central China group may arise from the admixture of these two groups, which was dated to 0.83–0.55 Ma, a period covering several interglacial intervals with unusually warm and wet climate in Central China. The spatial genetic structure of Q. acutissima indicates the possibility of central-marginal dispersal dynamics along latitude and existence of multiple refugia at distribution edges. Our findings highlight that the stepped geomorphology in China and climatic changes since the Pliocene play an important role in shaping the intraspecific genetic structure of widespread species in East Asia.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the editor and three anonymous reviewers for their critical comments; all members from Sork’s lab at UCLA: Victoria L. Sork, Alayna Mead, Claudia Henriquez, Dylan Burge, Luke Browne, Rachel Meyer, Scott O’Donnell, and Sorel Fitz-Gibbon for their insightful comments and detailed edits; Qing-Feng Huang, Shao-Bin Ma, Ming Cao, Zhi-Gao Liu, Mao Wang, Su-Fang Yu, Heng Jia, Su-Jing Fu, Hua-Chen Wang, and Luo-Zhong Tang for their help with fieldwork; Gao-Ming Wei, Xiao-Meng Shi, and Yu-Xiang Liu for their assistant with data analysis.

Data archiving statement

Microsatellite genotype dataset is available from the Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1412808.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770699, 31370666), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYLX15_0922).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Xing-Wang Zhang and Yao Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China

    Xing-Wang Zhang, Yao Li, Qiang Zhang & Yan-Ming Fang

  2. College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Rd., Huaibei, 235000, Anhui, China

    Xing-Wang Zhang

Authors
  1. Xing-Wang Zhang
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  2. Yao Li
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  3. Qiang Zhang
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  4. Yan-Ming Fang
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Contributions

Xing-Wang Zhang conducted molecular laboratory work. Xing-Wang Zhang and Yao Li collected the samples. Xing-Wang Zhang, Yao Li, Qiang Zhang, and Yan-Ming Fang conceived the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan-Ming Fang.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Communicated by J. Wright

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Zhang, XW., Li, Y., Zhang, Q. et al. Ancient east-west divergence, recent admixture, and multiple marginal refugia shape genetic structure of a widespread oak species (Quercus acutissima) in China. Tree Genetics & Genomes 14, 88 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1302-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1302-9

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