Prof. Dr. Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, PhD in Environmental Life Cycle Assessment

Description
Environmental Carbon Footprints: Industrial Case Studies provides a wide range of industrial case-studies, beginning with textiles, energy systems and bio-fuels. Each footprint is associated with background information, scientific consensus and the reason behind its invention, methodological framework, assessment checklist, calculation tool/technique, applications, challenges and limitations. More importantly, applications of each indicator/framework in various industrial sectors… Show more

Description
Environmental Carbon Footprints: Industrial Case Studies provides a wide range of industrial case-studies, beginning with textiles, energy systems and bio-fuels. Each footprint is associated with background information, scientific consensus and the reason behind its invention, methodological framework, assessment checklist, calculation tool/technique, applications, challenges and limitations. More importantly, applications of each indicator/framework in various industrial sectors and their associated challenges are presented. As case studies are the most flexible of all research designs, this book allows researchers to retain the holistic characteristics of real-life events while investigating empirical events.

Key Features
Includes case studies from various industries, such as textiles, energy systems and conventional and bio-fuels
Provides the calculation tool/technique, applications, challenges and limitations for determining carbon footprints on an industry by industry basis
Presents the background information, scientific consensus and reason behind each case study
Readership
Civil and Environmental Engineers, Chemical Engineers, and Environmental Scientists Show less

Description
Sustainability in Denim provides the latest information on sustainable fabrics and practices. From cotton farming, to manufacture and end of life disposal, denim has extensive effects on the environment, inclusive of water consumption and contamination, destruction of large-scale ecosystems and transportation pollution. Additionally, recent developments in the manufacture of denim, such as the use of textiles, including elastane and polyester, have led to limitations in the high… Show more

Description
Sustainability in Denim provides the latest information on sustainable fabrics and practices. From cotton farming, to manufacture and end of life disposal, denim has extensive effects on the environment, inclusive of water consumption and contamination, destruction of large-scale ecosystems and transportation pollution. Additionally, recent developments in the manufacture of denim, such as the use of textiles, including elastane and polyester, have led to limitations in the high end recycling of denim.

This book includes an introduction covering the history, manufacture and lifecycle of denim. It deals with the sustainability aspects of denim by addressing three important pillars of sustainability, the environmental, social and economic aspects, that when combined, present a unique approach in comparison to other books on the topic. View more >

Key Features
Reviews and studies denim from a sustainability perspective, addressing its major environmental, social and economic impacts
Provides the reader with a fundamental knowledge of the history, manufacture and lifecycle of denim, thus enabling a holistic view of denim sustainability
Presents new green initiatives for the processing and recycling of denim products for promotion and use amongst sustainability groups
Readership
R&D managers in the textile industry, researchers in textile and denim industry, designers, manufacturers, and sustainability personnel working with textiles Show less

Sustainable Fibres and Textiles provides a whole-lifecycle approach to the subject of sustainable textiles, from fiber production, through manufacturing and low-energy care and recycling. The scientific, industrial, regulatory and social aspects of this lifecycle are explored by an expert author team who bring global perspectives to this important subject.

The first part of the book provides detailed coverage of the sustainable production of textiles, with chapters devoted to each of the… Show more

Sustainable Fibres and Textiles provides a whole-lifecycle approach to the subject of sustainable textiles, from fiber production, through manufacturing and low-energy care and recycling. The scientific, industrial, regulatory and social aspects of this lifecycle are explored by an expert author team who bring global perspectives to this important subject.

The first part of the book provides detailed coverage of the sustainable production of textiles, with chapters devoted to each of the main fiber types, including new biosynthetic fibers, such as textiles produced from Polylactic Acid (PLA). The second part examines sustainable production methods, focusing on low carbon production technologies and sustainable, low-pollution methods of processing and dyeing fabrics. View more >

Key Features
Presents an integrated understanding of sustainability through the whole supply-chain – from agriculture, through manufacturing and fabric care, to recycling
Teachers users how to make optimal choices of fiber and manufacturing technologies to achieve the sustainable production of high-quality apparel and other textile products
Provides a wider understanding of emerging regulatory frameworks that will shape the future of sustainable textiles
Readership
R&D managers in the textile and clothing industries; postgraduate students and academic researchers in textile science; sustainability consultants

Show less

This fourth volume on detox fashion focuses on case studies, which are essential to showcase how practical applications have been accomplished, and provide an opportunity for others to (learn about and) adopt the best practices, challenges and practical implications. The book consists of three core chapters: Detoxifying the Supply Chain: Slow Production Networks in South-East European Garment Factories; Detoxifying the Luxury and Fashion Industry: The Case of Market-driving Brands; and Detox My… Show more

This fourth volume on detox fashion focuses on case studies, which are essential to showcase how practical applications have been accomplished, and provide an opportunity for others to (learn about and) adopt the best practices, challenges and practical implications. The book consists of three core chapters: Detoxifying the Supply Chain: Slow Production Networks in South-East European Garment Factories; Detoxifying the Luxury and Fashion Industry: The Case of Market-driving Brands; and Detox My Fashion under Mission 2020—Case Studies from Different Brands. Show less

This second volume on detox fashion covers five key aspects relevant to the topic sustainable chemistry and wet processes: Sustainable Chemicals: A Model for Practical Substitution; Sustainable Wet Processing; Coloration and Functional Finishing of Cotton with Plant Extracts; Call for an Environmental Impact Assessment of Bio-based Dyeing—an Overview; and Enzymes: Biocatalysts for Cleaning Up the Textile and Apparel Sector. The book also presents interesting solutions at the level of the supply… Show more

This second volume on detox fashion covers five key aspects relevant to the topic sustainable chemistry and wet processes: Sustainable Chemicals: A Model for Practical Substitution; Sustainable Wet Processing; Coloration and Functional Finishing of Cotton with Plant Extracts; Call for an Environmental Impact Assessment of Bio-based Dyeing—an Overview; and Enzymes: Biocatalysts for Cleaning Up the Textile and Apparel Sector. The book also presents interesting solutions at the level of the supply chain with regard to sustainable chemistry and wet processes. Show less

This third volume on detox fashion highlights sustainable wastewater treatment methods, as well as techniques used by and the adoption of detox strategies by different brands in the textile sector. These aspects are addressed in three central chapters: Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Technologies; Review of the Utilization of Plant-based Natural Coagulants as Alternatives to Textile Wastewater Treatment; and New Waste Management through Collaborative Business Models for Sustainable Innovation.

This book examines in detail key aspects of sustainability in the textile industry, especially environmental, social and economic sustainability in the textiles and clothing sector. It highlights the various faces and facets of sustainability and their implications for textiles and the clothing sector.

This book covers all sustainable fibres applicable in the fashion sector and discusses their importance in the context of sustainability. It is the first of its kind to address all the minute details pertaining to these fibres and to connect these fibres with the world of sustainable fashion. It stresses their importance in developing sustainable apparel, since fibres play a major role as the starting point in the life cycle of clothing.

This is the first book to introduce and explain the concept of sustainable consumption with reference to the clothing sector. It uses various case studies to detail sustainable consumption behavior in the industry. Consumption is a key issue and is a major driver when it comes to sustainability in any industry, including clothing sector. Several studies which have highlighted the need for sustainable consumption in the clothing sector are discussed in this book.

This book discusses in detail the concepts of recycling and upcycling and their implications for the textiles and fashion sector. In addition to the theoretical concepts, the book also presents various options for recycling and upcycling in textiles and fashion. Although recycling is a much-developed and widely used concept, upcycling is also gaining popularity in the sector.

This is the first book to deal with the innovative technologies in the field of textiles and clothing sustainability. It details a number of sustainable and innovative technologies and highlights their implications in the clothing sector. There are currently various measures to achieve sustainability in the textiles and the clothing industry, including innovations in the manufacturing stage, which is the crux of this book.

This book comprehensively covers the topic of sustainability in the clothing and fashion sector. Sustainability is applied under different industrial sectors and there has to be a distinction in every industrial sector when it comes to sustainability in its application. Though the definition is common for sustainability, sustainability in the clothing sector has its unique objectives, principles, and limitations, which this book highlights.

This book highlights the sustainability aspects of textiles and clothing sector in light of nanomaterials and technologies. The invasion of nano in every industrial sector has been important and has made remarkable changes as well as posed new challenges, including the textiles and clothing sector. There is quite a great deal of research happening in terms of nano materials for textiles across the globe, some of which are covered in this book.

This book highlights the challenges in sustainable wet processing of textiles, natural dyes, enzymatic textiles and sustainable textile finishes. Textile industry is known for its chemical processing issues and many NGO’s are behind the textile sector to streamline its chemical processing, which is the black face of clothing and fashion sector. Sustainable textile chemical processes are crucial for attaining sustainability in the clothing sector. Seven comprehensive chapters are aimed to… Show more

This book highlights the challenges in sustainable wet processing of textiles, natural dyes, enzymatic textiles and sustainable textile finishes. Textile industry is known for its chemical processing issues and many NGO’s are behind the textile sector to streamline its chemical processing, which is the black face of clothing and fashion sector. Sustainable textile chemical processes are crucial for attaining sustainability in the clothing sector. Seven comprehensive chapters are aimed to highlight these issues in the book. Show less

This book details three main topics: the screening and characterization of hydrocarbons from air, soil and water; technologies in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons; and the bioconversion of hydrocarbons for biofuel/chemicals, as well as recent developments in the remediation of hydrocarbons and their environmental benefits. The first section focuses on screening methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons from soil, air and water environments, speciation of hydrocarbons, and… Show more

This book details three main topics: the screening and characterization of hydrocarbons from air, soil and water; technologies in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons; and the bioconversion of hydrocarbons for biofuel/chemicals, as well as recent developments in the remediation of hydrocarbons and their environmental benefits. The first section focuses on screening methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons from soil, air and water environments, speciation of hydrocarbons, and natural bioremediation strategies in such environments. The second section examines technologies for removing hydrocarbon contaminants from various environments, especially advanced technologies for the removal of hydrocarbons and in-situ and ex-situ remediation strategies and problems, as well as concrete case studies. The last section, covering the bioconversion of hydrocarbons for biofuel/chemicals, highlights the biochemicals and bioproducts developed from hydrocarbons, with a particular focus on biochemical and chemical technologies used to produce biopolymers, biofuel precursors and commodity chemicals from hydrocarbons. Show less

This book presents detailed discussions concerning the environmental footprints of various packaging systems and materials, life cycle assessments of packaging, sustainable design of various packaging systems and materials, as well as the biodegradation of various packaging materials.

This book provides a comprehensive description of traditional and innovative forest-based bioproducts, from pulp and paper, wood-based composites and wood fuels to chemicals and fiber-based composites. The descriptions of different types of forest-based bioproducts are supplemented by the environmental impacts involved in their processing, use, and end-of-life phase. Further, the possibility of reusing, recycling and upgrading bioproducts at the end of their projected life cycle is discussed… Show more

This book provides a comprehensive description of traditional and innovative forest-based bioproducts, from pulp and paper, wood-based composites and wood fuels to chemicals and fiber-based composites. The descriptions of different types of forest-based bioproducts are supplemented by the environmental impacts involved in their processing, use, and end-of-life phase. Further, the possibility of reusing, recycling and upgrading bioproducts at the end of their projected life cycle is discussed. As the intensity of demand for forest biomass is currently changing, forest-based industries need to respond with innovative products, business models, marketing and management. As such, the book concludes with a chapter on the bioproducts business and these products’ role in bioeconomies. Show less

This is the first book to introduce readers to the crux of ethnic fashion. Covering all aspects, it addresses the significance of sustainability (including culture) and ethnic fashion in the apparel industry. It also highlights concepts and case studies pertaining to ethnic fashion.

This book deals with the important aspects of green fashion including​ Animal Welfare in Ethical Fashion, ​Sustainable Processing of Textiles, Sustainable design case studies, Wool Composting, Consumer behaviour in sustainable clothing market, industrial case studies related to green fashion, etc.

This book details the crux of green fashion, addressing various environmental aspects and discussing the importance of sustainable fashion in the apparel industry. It addresses various important topics such as Relationship marketing in green fashion, Animal Ethics and Welfare in the Fashion and Lifestyle Industries, Green Flame retardants, etc.

This book highlights the sustainability aspects of additive manufacturing (AM) in two separate volumes. It describes the details of this technology and its implications on the entire product life cycle sustainability, as well as embedded carbon and the further research needed to move this technology towards sustainable, mainstream production. Sustainability is not new for any area of industry, including additive manufacturing, and there are currently a number of ongoing research projects, both… Show more

This book highlights the sustainability aspects of additive manufacturing (AM) in two separate volumes. It describes the details of this technology and its implications on the entire product life cycle sustainability, as well as embedded carbon and the further research needed to move this technology towards sustainable, mainstream production. Sustainability is not new for any area of industry, including additive manufacturing, and there are currently a number of ongoing research projects, both in industry and in academic institutions, that are investigating sustainability, embedded carbon and research activities which would need to be done in the future to move this technology towards sustainable mainstream production. Show less

This book highlights essential aspects of sustainability in the Additive Manufacturing (AM) field in two separate volumes. It demonstrates the details of this technology and examines its implications for sustainability throughout the entire product life cycle, embedded carbon, and future research efforts that will be necessary to move this technology towards sustainable mainstream production. Sustainability is nothing new for any industrial field, and AM is no exception. Accordingly… Show more

This book highlights essential aspects of sustainability in the Additive Manufacturing (AM) field in two separate volumes. It demonstrates the details of this technology and examines its implications for sustainability throughout the entire product life cycle, embedded carbon, and future research efforts that will be necessary to move this technology towards sustainable mainstream production. Sustainability is nothing new for any industrial field, and AM is no exception. Accordingly, industrialists and scientists alike are intensively engaged in research to promote sustainability in this important field. Show less

This book presents the latest advances in and current research perspectives on the field of urban/industrial solid waste recycling for bio-energy and bio-fuel recovery. It chiefly focuses on five main thematic areas, namely bioreactor landfills coupled with energy and nutrient recovery; microbial insights into anaerobic digestion; greenhouse emission assessment; pyrolysis techniques for special waste treatment; and industrial waste stabilization options. In addition, it compiles the results of… Show more

This book presents the latest advances in and current research perspectives on the field of urban/industrial solid waste recycling for bio-energy and bio-fuel recovery. It chiefly focuses on five main thematic areas, namely bioreactor landfills coupled with energy and nutrient recovery; microbial insights into anaerobic digestion; greenhouse emission assessment; pyrolysis techniques for special waste treatment; and industrial waste stabilization options. In addition, it compiles the results of case studies and solid waste management perspectives from different countries. Show less

This book highlights the concept and applications of Remanufactured Fashion. The first book on this subject, it covers reverse logistics, exemplars, and case studies of remanufactured fashion design. Textile waste is a major issue for all countries, and converting that waste into useful products offers a sensible solution. Remanufactured Fashion is one such sustainable waste management strategy. It involves the conversion of discarded garments into useful retail products, without which they… Show more

This book highlights the concept and applications of Remanufactured Fashion. The first book on this subject, it covers reverse logistics, exemplars, and case studies of remanufactured fashion design. Textile waste is a major issue for all countries, and converting that waste into useful products offers a sensible solution. Remanufactured Fashion is one such sustainable waste management strategy. It involves the conversion of discarded garments into useful retail products, without which they would be dumped at landfills, posing a number of environmental issues. Remanufacturing recovers a product’s inherent value once that product no longer fulfills the user’s desired needs. The application and use of discarded clothing in remanufacturing processes could greatly reduce the percentage of clothing waste (and mitigate related waste management issues), while also contributing to resource conservation. There has been scant research investigating what is actually involved in the fashion remanufacturing process and how the process could be up-scaled to the mass market in order to achieve greater environmental gains. This book addresses that gap in the literature and examines all aspects pertaining to the concept and applications of Remanufactured Fashion. Show less

This book covers all sustainable fibres applicable in the fashion sector. It addresses the importance of these fibres in the fashion sector with the context of sustainability. This book, the first of its kind, addresses all the minute details pertaining to these fibres and connects these fibres with the world of sustainable fashion. It stresses the importance of having these fibres on board in developing sustainable apparels, as fibres play a major role as the starting point in the life cycle… Show more

This book covers all sustainable fibres applicable in the fashion sector. It addresses the importance of these fibres in the fashion sector with the context of sustainability. This book, the first of its kind, addresses all the minute details pertaining to these fibres and connects these fibres with the world of sustainable fashion. It stresses the importance of having these fibres on board in developing sustainable apparels, as fibres play a major role as the starting point in the life cycle of apparel. Show less

Description
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impacts of textile products, from raw material extraction, through fibre processing, textile manufacture, distribution and use, to disposal or recycling. LCA is an important tool for the research and development process, product and process design, and labelling of textiles and clothing. Handbook of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Textiles and Clothing systematically covers the LCA process with comprehensive… Show more

Description
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate the environmental impacts of textile products, from raw material extraction, through fibre processing, textile manufacture, distribution and use, to disposal or recycling. LCA is an important tool for the research and development process, product and process design, and labelling of textiles and clothing. Handbook of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Textiles and Clothing systematically covers the LCA process with comprehensive examples and case studies.

Part one of the book covers key indicators and processes in LCA, from carbon and ecological footprints to disposal, re-use and recycling. Part two then discusses a broad range of LCA applications in the textiles and clothing industry.

Key Features
Covers the LCA process and its key indicators, including carbon and ecological footprints, disposal, re-use and recycling
Examines the key developments of LCA in the textile and clothing industries
Provides a wide range of case studies and examples of LCA applications in the textile and clothing industries Show less

Features

Provides a standard reference on the sustainable apparel production supply chain
Details unchartered areas of Sustainable Fashion such as Eco-design or Sustainable design for Textiles/Fashion Industry
Presents insight from a highly experienced editor and an international team of contributors
Contains recent research findings on sustainable apparel production and sustainable fashion
Covers the sustainability of massive supply chains for textiles and… Show more

Features

Provides a standard reference on the sustainable apparel production supply chain
Details unchartered areas of Sustainable Fashion such as Eco-design or Sustainable design for Textiles/Fashion Industry
Presents insight from a highly experienced editor and an international team of contributors
Contains recent research findings on sustainable apparel production and sustainable fashion
Covers the sustainability of massive supply chains for textiles and clothing
Summary

A hot-button societal issue, sustainability has become a frequently heard term in every industrial segment. Sustainability in apparel production is a vast topic and it has many facets. Handbook of Sustainable Apparel Production covers all aspects of sustainable apparel production including the raw materials employed, sustainable manufacturing processes, and environmental as well as social assessments of apparel production.

The book highlights the environmental and social impacts of apparel and its assessment. It explores the complexities involved in implementing sustainable measures in the massive supply chain of apparel production. The discussion then turns to sustainability and consumption behavior of the apparel industry and the assessment of sustainability aspects and parameters. The text details technologies that can pave the way toward sustainability in production and closes with coverage of design aspects, particularly sustainable design/eco design and new approaches to fashion sustainability.

A vast and complex topic, sustainability in apparel production has many faces and facets. With contributions from an international panel of experts, this book unites all the elements, including very minute details, and supports them with detailed and interesting case studies. It gives you a framework for moving towards sustainability. Show less

Features

Provides a standard reference on the sustainable apparel production supply chain
Details unchartered areas of Sustainable Fashion such as Eco-design or Sustainable design for Textiles/Fashion Industry
Presents insight from a highly experienced editor and an international team of contributors
Contains recent research findings on sustainable apparel production and sustainable fashion
Covers the sustainability of massive supply chains for textiles and… Show more

Features

Provides a standard reference on the sustainable apparel production supply chain
Details unchartered areas of Sustainable Fashion such as Eco-design or Sustainable design for Textiles/Fashion Industry
Presents insight from a highly experienced editor and an international team of contributors
Contains recent research findings on sustainable apparel production and sustainable fashion
Covers the sustainability of massive supply chains for textiles and clothing
Summary

A hot-button societal issue, sustainability has become a frequently heard term in every industrial segment. Sustainability in apparel production is a vast topic and it has many facets. Handbook of Sustainable Apparel Production covers all aspects of sustainable apparel production including the raw materials employed, sustainable manufacturing processes, and environmental as well as social assessments of apparel production.

The book highlights the environmental and social impacts of apparel and its assessment. It explores the complexities involved in implementing sustainable measures in the massive supply chain of apparel production. The discussion then turns to sustainability and consumption behavior of the apparel industry and the assessment of sustainability aspects and parameters. The text details technologies that can pave the way toward sustainability in production and closes with coverage of design aspects, particularly sustainable design/eco design and new approaches to fashion sustainability.

A vast and complex topic, sustainability in apparel production has many faces and facets. With contributions from an international panel of experts, this book unites all the elements, including very minute details, and supports them with detailed and interesting case studies. It gives you a framework for moving towards sustainability. Show less

This book includes details on the environmental implications of recycling, modeling of recycling, processing of recycled materials, recycling potential of materials, characterisation of recycled materials, reverse logistics, case studies of recycling various materials etc.

The first volume of this handbook explores different aspects of sustainable luxury textiles and fashion, broadly based on the following topics: Sustainability and business management, Value chain management, Use of materials and Sustainable production processes.

The second volume of handbook explores different dimensions of the sustainable luxury textiles and fashion, broadly based on the following topics:
Sustainable luxury
Luxury and consumption
Luxury, innovation and design potential
Luxury and entrepreneurship
Sustainable Luxury Management

This book details the primary concepts of Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA), integration of social aspects in product life cycles, quantification of social impacts in S-LCA, impact categorization in S-LCA, methodological aspects of S-LCA, and detailed case studies. As the societal implications of producing a product are coming to take on a new importance, the concept of Social Life Cycle Assessment has recently been developed and is becoming increasingly prominent. However, S-LCA is still in… Show more

This book details the primary concepts of Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA), integration of social aspects in product life cycles, quantification of social impacts in S-LCA, impact categorization in S-LCA, methodological aspects of S-LCA, and detailed case studies. As the societal implications of producing a product are coming to take on a new importance, the concept of Social Life Cycle Assessment has recently been developed and is becoming increasingly prominent. However, S-LCA is still in its infancy and its impact categories for many industrial segments are still under development. Show less

Description
The textile industry impacts the environment in a number of ways, including its use of resources, its impact on global warming, and the amount of pollution and waste it generates. Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain reviews methods used to calculate this environmental impact, including product carbon footprints (PCFs), ecological footprints (EFs), and life cycle assessment (LCA).

The first chapters provide an introduction to the… Show more

Description
The textile industry impacts the environment in a number of ways, including its use of resources, its impact on global warming, and the amount of pollution and waste it generates. Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain reviews methods used to calculate this environmental impact, including product carbon footprints (PCFs), ecological footprints (EFs), and life cycle assessment (LCA).

The first chapters provide an introduction to the textile supply chain and its environmental impact, and an overview of the methods used to measure this impact. The book goes on to consider different environmental impacts of the industry, including greenhouse gas emissions, the water and energy footprints of the industry, and depletion of resources, as well as the use of LCA to assess the overall environmental impact of the textile industry. It then deals with the practice of measuring these impacts before forming a conclusion about the environmental impact of the industry. View more >

Key Features
Reviews the main methods used to calculate the textile industry’s use of resources, its impact on global warming and the pollution and waste it generates
Reviews the key methods, their principles and how they can be applied in practice to measure and reduce the environmental impact of textile products
Includes the following calculation methods: product carbon footprints (PCFs), ecological footprints (EFs) and life cycle assessment (LCA)
Readership
A standard reference for R&D managers in the textile industry and academic researchers in textile science. Show less

Carbon footprint is one of the important environmental impacts, which has received greater attention from the public, government and media. It is one of the important topics of even any government’s agenda as well and every nation is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every company would like to reduce the carbon footprint of its products and consumers are looking for the products which emit lower carbon emissions in their entire life cycle… Show more

Carbon footprint is one of the important environmental impacts, which has received greater attention from the public, government and media. It is one of the important topics of even any government’s agenda as well and every nation is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every company would like to reduce the carbon footprint of its products and consumers are looking for the products which emit lower carbon emissions in their entire life cycle. Assessment of Carbon footprint for different products, processes and services and also carbon labelling of products have become familiar topics in the recent past in various industrial sectors. Every industry has its unique assessment and modelling techniques, allocation procedures, mitigation methods and labelling strategies for its carbon emissions. With this background, this book has been framed with dedicated chapters on carbon footprint assessment on various industrial sectors. In each chapter, details pertaining to the assessment methodologies of carbon footprint followed in a particular industry, challenges in calculating the carbon footprint, case studies of various products in that particular industry, mitigation measures to be followed to trim down the carbon footprint, recommendations for further research are discussed in detail. This first volume includes the carbon footprint assessment methodology of agricultural sector, telecommunication sector, food sector, ceramic industry, packaging industry, building and construction sector and solid waste sector. Show less

Followed by the previous part (Volume-1), Volume-2 of carbon footprint assessment book deals with the assessment of carbon footprint in different other sectors, which were not dealt in the first part. Attention on Carbon footprint is growing day-by-day from the public, government and media. Certainly it is one of the most important topics in the agenda of every nation, which is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every manufacturing industry or sector… Show more

Followed by the previous part (Volume-1), Volume-2 of carbon footprint assessment book deals with the assessment of carbon footprint in different other sectors, which were not dealt in the first part. Attention on Carbon footprint is growing day-by-day from the public, government and media. Certainly it is one of the most important topics in the agenda of every nation, which is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every manufacturing industry or sector would like to reduce the carbon footprint of its products and consumers are looking for the products which emit lower carbon emissions in their entire life cycle. Assessment of Carbon footprint for different products, processes and services and also carbon labeling of products have become familiar topics in the recent past in various industrial sectors. Every industry has its unique assessment and modeling techniques, allocation procedures, mitigation methods and labeling strategies for its carbon emissions. With this background, volume two of this book has been framed with dedicated chapters on carbon footprint assessment on various industrial sectors, apart from the ones covered in Volume 1. In each chapter, details pertaining to the assessment methodologies of carbon footprint followed in a particular industry, challenges in calculating the carbon footprint, case studies of various products in that particular industry, mitigation measures to be followed to trim down the carbon footprint, recommendations for further research are discussed in detail. Show less

This book reviews the manufacturing processes of different shopping bags used for grocery purposes, life cycle impacts, modelling of life cycle impacts, carbon and eco-footprints in different countries, consumption of shopping bags in different countries, consumer behaviour of shopping bags in various countries and its relation to eco-impact, assessment of functionality of shopping bags, concept and framework of eco-functional assessment of shopping bags, biodegradation of shopping bags, etc.

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in textiles and clothing sector. The chapters covered in three volumes of this series title cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in textiles and clothing industry. This third volume highlights the areas pertaining to the regulatory aspects and sustainability standards applicable to textiles and clothing supply chain. There are various standards earmarked for measuring the environmental… Show more

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in textiles and clothing sector. The chapters covered in three volumes of this series title cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in textiles and clothing industry. This third volume highlights the areas pertaining to the regulatory aspects and sustainability standards applicable to textiles and clothing supply chain. There are various standards earmarked for measuring the environmental impacts and sustainability of textile products. There are also plenty of certification schemes available along with the index systems applicable to textile sector. Brands and manufactures are also venturing into new developments to achieve sustainable development in textile sector. This third volume addresses all these important aspects Show less

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in textiles and Clothing sector. The chapters to be covered in three volumes of this series title cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in textiles and the clothing industry. This second volume deals with the measurement of environmental and societal impacts across the textiles and clothing supply chain. It addresses this important aspect in a comprehensive way including the overall… Show more

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in textiles and Clothing sector. The chapters to be covered in three volumes of this series title cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in textiles and the clothing industry. This second volume deals with the measurement of environmental and societal impacts across the textiles and clothing supply chain. It addresses this important aspect in a comprehensive way including the overall picture of environmental and societal impacts of textiles and clothing supply chain, environmentally sustainable clothing consumption, emerging green technologies and eco-friendly products for sustainable textiles, etc. This volume has a dedicated place to deal with the consumer phase impacts in the life cycle of clothing products, biodegradation of textile products, sustainable business development and its implications in textile sector. Show less

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in the textiles and clothing sector. The chapters covered in different volumes of this series title aim to cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in the textile and clothing industry. This first volume is dedicated to the initial phases of life cycle, i.e. raw materials and manufacturing phases of textile products. This book aims to cover the sustainable raw materials, technologies and… Show more

This book covers the elements involved in achieving sustainability in the textiles and clothing sector. The chapters covered in different volumes of this series title aim to cover all the distinctive areas earmarked for achieving sustainable development in the textile and clothing industry. This first volume is dedicated to the initial phases of life cycle, i.e. raw materials and manufacturing phases of textile products. This book aims to cover the sustainable raw materials, technologies and processing methods to achieve sustainable textile products. There are plenty of raw materials available today to cater the needs of sustainable textiles and apparels including organic materials, recycled and biodegradable raw materials for textile applications. Similarly, many innovative methods to process textile materials to achieve sustainability in the supply chain along with various processing technologies to manufacture textile products sustainably. This first volume covers the titles of these areas in a comprehensive way. Show less

The whole world is in dire need to plummet the dreadful consequences of environmental impacts such as carbon and ecological footprints to address the environmental sustainability. Preserving our living planet from such catastrophic consequences is a hot button issue of today. In this juncture, a million dollar question to be addressed is who will assume the responsibility to preserve it. An obvious and a well expected answer is every one born on this planet should accept the responsibility… Show more

The whole world is in dire need to plummet the dreadful consequences of environmental impacts such as carbon and ecological footprints to address the environmental sustainability. Preserving our living planet from such catastrophic consequences is a hot button issue of today. In this juncture, a million dollar question to be addressed is who will assume the responsibility to preserve it. An obvious and a well expected answer is every one born on this planet should accept the responsibility. Governmental organizations, people engaged in product manufacturing, vendors, industrial partners and ultimate users (consumers) all play a role in mitigating the environmental impacts, hence the focus of the research discussed in this paper is, “Human Factors”, since all involved parties are consumers and they regularly consume products. The influence of the human factors on preserving environmental sustainability is specifically studied in the context of a case study about shopping bags to accentuate the significance of the issue. Show less

One of the challenging issues to be dealt in priority and of any country's today agenda is the management of solid waste and it is a difficulty to environmentalists also. Diapers are one of the important products leading to this waste management issue. Diapers are classified into two major categories: single-use (disposable) and are reusable ones. Landfills of any country are mainly clogged with disposable products, such as diapers. It is one of the problematic topics of today that needs to be… Show more

One of the challenging issues to be dealt in priority and of any country's today agenda is the management of solid waste and it is a difficulty to environmentalists also. Diapers are one of the important products leading to this waste management issue. Diapers are classified into two major categories: single-use (disposable) and are reusable ones. Landfills of any country are mainly clogged with disposable products, such as diapers. It is one of the problematic topics of today that needs to be investigated in detail. There is a longstanding debate amongst environmentalists to conclude disposable and reusable diapers in terms of which one poses more threat to the environment. This review article aims to critically review this issue and discusses the major findings from the previous studies along with highlighting of the gaps in the literature in each area of environmental impact studies on diapers. This paper also recommends the scope for further research as far as the studies associated with diapers are concerned. Show less

It is an important task of people connected with the textiles and clothing sector to work on the feasible ways to trim down the carbon footprint in each phase of a textile product’s life cycle. One of the possible ways to decipher the reduction of carbon footprint of textiles and clothing sector is to recycle the textile process waste and also to recycle at the end-of-life of textile products and these aspects are exemplified in this paper in detail. Detailed investigation of the possibilities,… Show more

It is an important task of people connected with the textiles and clothing sector to work on the feasible ways to trim down the carbon footprint in each phase of a textile product’s life cycle. One of the possible ways to decipher the reduction of carbon footprint of textiles and clothing sector is to recycle the textile process waste and also to recycle at the end-of-life of textile products and these aspects are exemplified in this paper in detail. Detailed investigation of the possibilities, barriers, challenges to recycle textile waste materials are discussed in this paper with relevant case studies. For recycling of process waste, an example was modelled by recycling the process waste and the carbon footprint results were demonstrated with the aid of 7.3 version of SIMAPRO LCA (Life cycle assessment) software. From the results of this case study, it was understood that recycling of process waste would contribute to the direct reduction of carbon footprint. For the second case of recycling at the end-of-life, there are many barriers and challenges to the textile products to be recycled, which are discussed in detail. For this case, two hypothetical situations were defined and the carbon footprint results of them were modeled and demonstrated with the aid of 7.3 version of SIMAPRO software to illustrate the benefits of recycling to reduce the carbon footprint. Designers need to consider, “Ecological Design” in design phase to address most of the difficulties faced by recycling of textile products at the end-of-life, which will of certain help to reduce the carbon footprint of the textile products. Show less

A focus on recycling is one of the key pillars in this environmentally conscious era. In recent times, the situation is forcing people to recycle everything that are produced due to various factors such as present and future projections of scarcity of potential resources, limited landfill space, governmental policies, rewards in terms of monetary benefits given to people when they return the product for recycling. Textile products, occupying a significant proportion of one's daily activities in… Show more

A focus on recycling is one of the key pillars in this environmentally conscious era. In recent times, the situation is forcing people to recycle everything that are produced due to various factors such as present and future projections of scarcity of potential resources, limited landfill space, governmental policies, rewards in terms of monetary benefits given to people when they return the product for recycling. Textile products, occupying a significant proportion of one's daily activities in almost every place, need to be recycled. Many types of fibres are being used to manufacture textile products for daily use and they necessarily need to be recycled at the end of their lives. The potential recyclability of different fibres varies from one fibre to another and many factors play a major role in deciding their recyclability. This study proposes a concept for the Recyclability Potential Index (RPI) of textile fibres considering their environmental and economic gains from the recycling process and also attempts to quantify the Recyclability Potential Index (RPI) of ten common, widely used textile fibres. According to the developed system, polyester and polypropylene seem to be bestowed with higher and the nylon 66 appears to have the lowest RPI. Show less

Biodegradation is one of the expectations from the consumers of today whenever they seek
environmental friendly products. This expectation is intensified for the products with short span of life,
such as shopping bags. To date there are no studies available that report on evaluating the
biodegradability of different types of shopping bags using the same platform. This knowledge gap is
addressed in this research work, which reports the biodegradability study using the soil burial… Show more

Biodegradation is one of the expectations from the consumers of today whenever they seek
environmental friendly products. This expectation is intensified for the products with short span of life,
such as shopping bags. To date there are no studies available that report on evaluating the
biodegradability of different types of shopping bags using the same platform. This knowledge gap is
addressed in this research work, which reports the biodegradability study using the soil burial test
conducted for different types of shopping bags used for grocery purposes. Six types of shopping bags,
made out of different raw materials, were tested by the soil burial test. Weight loss, reduction in tensile
strength and changes in microscopic appearance after the test period of soil burial are reported in this
paper. According to the test results, paper bag recorded maximum biodegradation followed by cotton
bags. Show less

This paper provides details of a research project about the eco-impact of nonwoven and woven bags using the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) technique and three different options. The three different options were as follows: usage and disposal criteria with the existing usage behaviour to reuse and governmental policies to recycle (option1), usage and disposal criteria as per consumer’s perception if systems are in place (option2) and usage and disposal criteria in case of absence of… Show more

This paper provides details of a research project about the eco-impact of nonwoven and woven bags using the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) technique and three different options. The three different options were as follows: usage and disposal criteria with the existing usage behaviour to reuse and governmental policies to recycle (option1), usage and disposal criteria as per consumer’s perception if systems are in place (option2) and usage and disposal criteria in case of absence of recycling systems (option3). The results show that the eco-impact of nonwoven and woven bags is very high if there are no usage and disposal options provided. When the eco-impact values from options of existing possibilities and consumers’ perceptions were compared, it was found that the eco-impact value was lower in option 1 in all the three territories for both types of bags, which was mainly attributed to the fact for option 1, a higher percentage of reuse was preferred to recycle and landfill categories. The eco-impact of these two types of bags was also studied with and without the presence of recycling systems in China, India and Hong Kong, where the eco-impact was lower due to the presence of recycling systems. These results indicate that a higher percentage of reuse could significantly reduce the eco-impact of nonwoven and woven bags.
Show less

Functional and ecological properties combined with consumer behaviour are the key aspects influencing the implications for the environment of a product. The concept of combining these properties in a single platform is demonstrated by considering the shopping bags used for grocery purposes as an example. An eco-functional assessment combined with the life cycle assessment study was conducted to assess the influence of functional, ecological properties and consumer behaviour on carbon footprint,… Show more

Functional and ecological properties combined with consumer behaviour are the key aspects influencing the implications for the environment of a product. The concept of combining these properties in a single platform is demonstrated by considering the shopping bags used for grocery purposes as an example. An eco-functional assessment combined with the life cycle assessment study was conducted to assess the influence of functional, ecological properties and consumer behaviour on carbon footprint, ecological footprint and eco-damage throughout the life cycle of various shopping bags. Four Research questions expressed as hypotheses were formulated to identify the contribution of each phase in the life cycle to the final life cycle impact of the shopping bags. Carbon footprint, ecological footprint and eco-damage assessments were made to quantify the life cycle impacts of each phase of the various shopping bags with the aid of SIMAPRO version 7.3 of LCA software. The LCA results revealed that each phase of life cycle impacted the final result and the reusable bags outscored single use bags in all three territories. Nonwoven bags made out of polypropylene followed by polyester and woven cotton bags caused fewer life cycle impacts. Also the life cycle impacts of shopping bags used by an average Indian were found to be less compared to those for Chinese and Hong Kong residents. Even a small contribution from the consumer’s side, to reuse a bag one more time, would make a great difference in terms of mitigating environmental impact. Show less

This article describes the study of the eco-impact of plastic and paper bags using the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) technique under three different options: usage and disposal criteria with the existing usage behavior to reuse and governmental policies to recycle (option1), usage and disposal criteria as per
consumers’ perceptions if systems are in place (option2) and usage and disposal criteria in case of absence of recycling systems (option3). The first stage, which was the… Show more

This article describes the study of the eco-impact of plastic and paper bags using the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) technique under three different options: usage and disposal criteria with the existing usage behavior to reuse and governmental policies to recycle (option1), usage and disposal criteria as per
consumers’ perceptions if systems are in place (option2) and usage and disposal criteria in case of absence of recycling systems (option3). The first stage, which was the baseline for other options,
comprised of the study of the eco-impact of plastic and paper bags in the manufacturing phase, without considering the usage and disposal phases. Consumers’ perceptions and usage behaviors in connection with respective government’s policies and implementation of recycling systems could be highly decisive in reducing the eco-impact of plastic and paper shopping bags. Show less

The environmental performance of different types of polypropylene nonwoven shopping bags, made out of two different manufacturing technologies - conventional sewing method and a thermal joining method, later is a patented technology of the industry, where the study was made, was assessed from cradle to gate stage using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. For this study, three different products – A, B and C made out of conventional sewing method and thermal joining method were selected… Show more

The environmental performance of different types of polypropylene nonwoven shopping bags, made out of two different manufacturing technologies - conventional sewing method and a thermal joining method, later is a patented technology of the industry, where the study was made, was assessed from cradle to gate stage using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. For this study, three different products – A, B and C made out of conventional sewing method and thermal joining method were selected. This study was performed based on the comprehensive Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of two different manufacturing sequences, obtained from a detailed in-field study in a nonwoven PP bag manufacturing industry. The environmental impacts were quantified by means of the Eco-indicator’99 method, a damage oriented method to assess Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) by using one of the leading commercial LCA softwares, SIMAPRO 7.2. The single score values calculated by the Eco-indicator 99 method were considered as a directive to compare the environmental impact made by these bags, manufactured by two different technologies and a detailed explanation of results is provided in this paper. From the results of Life Cycle Impact Assessment in Eco-indicator’99 method, the conventional sewing process technology seems to be better compared to the thermal technology employed. A detailed explanation of the results of the environmental performance of these bags and also the hot-spots in both of the production technologies are discussed to a greater extent in this article. Show less

Carbon footprint has become a term often used by the media in recent days. The human carbon footprint is professed to be a very serious global threat and every nation is looking at the possible options to reduce it since its consequences are alarming. A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on earth and in particular on the environment; more specifically it relates to climate change and to the total amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon… Show more

Carbon footprint has become a term often used by the media in recent days. The human carbon footprint is professed to be a very serious global threat and every nation is looking at the possible options to reduce it since its consequences are alarming. A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on earth and in particular on the environment; more specifically it relates to climate change and to the total amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide emitted. Effort of individuals in minimizing the carbon footprint is vital to save our planet. This article reports a study of the carbon footprint of various types of shopping bags (plastic, paper, non-woven and woven) using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) technique in two stages. The first stage (baseline study), comprised the study of the impact of different types of shopping bags in the manufacturing phase, without considering their usage and disposal phases (cradle to gate stage). The results indicate that a higher percentage of reuse could significantly scale down the carbon footprint. Once the shopping bags reached the point where they can no longer be reused, they must be forwarded to recycling options, rather than being disposed to landfill. At this juncture, consumer’s perceptions and behaviours in connection with the respective government’s policies in promoting & facilitating recycling systems could be critical in reducing the carbon footprint of various shopping bags. Show less

Shopping bags are a symbol of the throw-away society, its deliberation on eco-impact is reasonably high compared to other products. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to throw light on the eco-impact of non-woven and woven bags. Life Cycle Assessment comprises of different stages of a product, from its manufacturing phase to end-of-life phase. Government and consumers are accountable primarily for the end of life phase covering reuse, recycle and disposal to landfill. The consumer plays a… Show more

Shopping bags are a symbol of the throw-away society, its deliberation on eco-impact is reasonably high compared to other products. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to throw light on the eco-impact of non-woven and woven bags. Life Cycle Assessment comprises of different stages of a product, from its manufacturing phase to end-of-life phase. Government and consumers are accountable primarily for the end of life phase covering reuse, recycle and disposal to landfill. The consumer plays a vital role here in terms of opting between the usage
and disposal criteria which alleviates eco-impact and also the government assumes significant importance in providing the appropriate recycling strategies and policies. In this research work, an attempt has been made to elicit the consumer’s attitude towards reuse, recycle and disposal to landfill options and to elucidate the existing governmental policies on recycling as well as willingness of people to support them by means of a research
questionnaire survey conducted in China, Hong Kong and India, amongst different user groups of various shopping bags. Show less

The present work relates to the occurrence of fibre rupture during fibre separation in rotor spinning and also discusses the mechanism of such rupture. The reduction in fibre length during opening has been studied at different span lengths. A correlation has been drawn showing the influence of combing roller action on yarn tenacity and elongation. Fibre rupture has direct relationship with opening roller speed. Fibre rupture and surface damage occurring due to action of opening roller together… Show more

The present work relates to the occurrence of fibre rupture during fibre separation in rotor spinning and also discusses the mechanism of such rupture. The reduction in fibre length during opening has been studied at different span lengths. A correlation has been drawn showing the influence of combing roller action on yarn tenacity and elongation. Fibre rupture has direct relationship with opening roller speed. Fibre rupture and surface damage occurring due to action of opening roller together are found to mar the yarn quality index.
Show less

The influence of process variables on characteristics of modal siro-spun yarns has been studied using Box-Behnken response surface design. The characteristics of these yarns have been evaluated and compared with those of equivalent double-rove spun yarns. It is observed that the increase in strand spacing from 6 mm to 10 mm increases the unevenness and decreases the hairiness, strength and extension of modal siro-spun yarns. The traveller mass and spindle speed show varying effects on… Show more

The influence of process variables on characteristics of modal siro-spun yarns has been studied using Box-Behnken response surface design. The characteristics of these yarns have been evaluated and compared with those of equivalent double-rove spun yarns. It is observed that the increase in strand spacing from 6 mm to 10 mm increases the unevenness and decreases the hairiness, strength and extension of modal siro-spun yarns. The traveller mass and spindle speed show varying effects on characteristics of siro-spun yarns. Taking the effects of all the three experimental factors into account, it has been found that the yarn unevenness is minimum and elongation is maximum at lower levels of factors while the hairiness is minimum at their higher levels. The yarns exhibit maximum tenacity and fewer imperfections at middle levels of the factors. Hence, the strand spacing of 8 mm, traveller mass of 1/o and spindle speed of 17000 rpm are found to produce siro yarns of nominal count (30 tex) with optimum quality. Further, the siro-spun yarns are found to be relatively inferior in respect of unevenness and superior as regards the hairiness when compared with the equivalent double-rove spun yarn.



Show less

Today there are varieties of comments prevailing among people who use Plastic and Paper bags for their shopping needs. A few people support Plastic bags with their own justifications and
others support Paper bags. This is a hot topic of today and arguments are going up and down to deduce which one is better in terms of environmental impact, but some people abstain from this issue by choosing the other option of going with reusable bags. This exploratory study is attempted to infer the… Show more

Today there are varieties of comments prevailing among people who use Plastic and Paper bags for their shopping needs. A few people support Plastic bags with their own justifications and
others support Paper bags. This is a hot topic of today and arguments are going up and down to deduce which one is better in terms of environmental impact, but some people abstain from this issue by choosing the other option of going with reusable bags. This exploratory study is attempted to infer the environmental concerns made by these bags. The two common grocery bags of today – Paper & Plastic bags are compared in this study. Two imperative measures – total amount of energy used by a
bag to get it manufactured and the amount of pollutants emitted during the manufacturing phase of a bag - are chosen as data for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). To arrive at a clear state of conclusion with respect to environmental impact made by these two bags, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) study was accomplished. Evolvement of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study from the data available on this context is the crux of this study. The Eco-indicator 99, damage oriented method for LCIA in SIMAPRO
7.1 tool is used to assess the environmental impact made by these two grocery bags. The single score values calculated by the Eco-indicator 99 is considered as a directive to compare the environmental impact made by these and a detailed explanation of results is also dealt with in this paper. As far as the
Life cycle energy analysis and amount of pollutants produced from these two bags are concerned, a plastic bag simply scores out a paper bag. The impact assessment results are also in line to support the
plastic bags over paper bags. However, this conclusion has been drawn on the basis of the secondary data chosen for LCI and the results provided by the software which also has certain hypotheses and assumptions. Show less

The textile industry has a major impact on the environment, both in its use of resources, its impact on global warming, the pollution and waste it generates. Assessing the environmental impact of textiles and the clothing supply chain reviews the main methods used to calculate these impacts. These methods include product carbon footprints (PCFs), ecological footprints (EFs) and life cycle assessment (LCA). The book reviews the key methods, their principles and how they can be applied in… Show more

The textile industry has a major impact on the environment, both in its use of resources, its impact on global warming, the pollution and waste it generates. Assessing the environmental impact of textiles and the clothing supply chain reviews the main methods used to calculate these impacts. These methods include product carbon footprints (PCFs), ecological footprints (EFs) and life cycle assessment (LCA). The book reviews the key methods, their principles and how they can be applied in practice to measure and reduce the environmental impact of textile products.

Published in association with The Textile Institute

- See more at: http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=3213#sthash.9e6JHJzc.dpuf Show less

Carbon footprint is one of the important environmental impacts, which has received greater attention from the public, government and media. It is one of the important topics of even any government’s agenda as well and every nation is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every company would like to reduce the carbon footprint of its products and consumers are looking for the products which emit lower carbon emissions in their entire life cycle… Show more

Carbon footprint is one of the important environmental impacts, which has received greater attention from the public, government and media. It is one of the important topics of even any government’s agenda as well and every nation is trying its best to reduce its carbon footprint to the maximum possible extent. Every company would like to reduce the carbon footprint of its products and consumers are looking for the products which emit lower carbon emissions in their entire life cycle. Assessment of Carbon footprint for different products, processes and services and also carbon labelling of products have become familiar topics in the recent past in various industrial sectors. Every industry has its unique assessment and modelling techniques, allocation procedures, mitigation methods and labelling strategies for its carbon emissions. With this background, this book has been framed with dedicated chapters on carbon footprint assessment on various industrial sectors. In each chapter, details pertaining to the assessment methodologies of carbon footprint followed in a particular industry, challenges in calculating the carbon footprint, case studies of various products in that particular industry, mitigation measures to be followed to trim down the carbon footprint, recommendations for further research are discussed in detail. This first volume includes the carbon footprint assessment methodology of agricultural sector, telecommunication sector, food sector, ceramic industry, packaging industry, building and construction sector and solid waste sector. Show less

This paper discusses the development of a novel test instrument to quantify the eco-functional properties of various shopping bags. One of the main properties, which lies at the interface of both ecological and functional properties, is the reusability of
shopping bags. Other properties at this juncture also include the impact strength and weight holding capacity of a shopping bag. The developed tester can be used to assess these three properties (reusability, impact strength and weight… Show more

This paper discusses the development of a novel test instrument to quantify the eco-functional properties of various shopping bags. One of the main properties, which lies at the interface of both ecological and functional properties, is the reusability of
shopping bags. Other properties at this juncture also include the impact strength and weight holding capacity of a shopping bag. The developed tester can be used to assess these three properties (reusability, impact strength and weight holding capacity) of any type of shopping bag. This study discusses the concept and development of an ecofunctional tester for shopping bags. It also reports test results of the reusability, impact
strength and weight holding capacity of different types of shopping bags. Reusability and impact strength are expressed by two variants: absolute maximum capability and comparative maximum capability. According to the test results, plastic bags outscore
paper bags in the single use category and woven bags top the reusable bags category. Show less

This book details the different types of shopping bags used for grocery purposes and their manufacturing processes; various impacts made by different grocery shopping bags in their entire life cycle from cradle to grave stages; importance of consumer behaviour in determining the life cycle impact of shopping bags with the case study of the consumer behaviour studied in different countries for various shopping bags; quantification of environmental impact, ecological sustainability and… Show more

This book details the different types of shopping bags used for grocery purposes and their manufacturing processes; various impacts made by different grocery shopping bags in their entire life cycle from cradle to grave stages; importance of consumer behaviour in determining the life cycle impact of shopping bags with the case study of the consumer behaviour studied in different countries for various shopping bags; quantification of environmental impact, ecological sustainability and recyclability potential of various raw materials used for shopping bags; functional and ecological properties of various shopping bags and their assessment; core concept and the theoretical framework of Eco-functional Assessment Methodology; Eco-functional assessment of various grocery shopping bags; quantification of the eco-functional scores of various shopping bags; reduction of environmental impacts of various grocery shopping bags Show less

This article reports on the carbon footprint of production processes of polypropylene nonwoven
shopping bags made out of two different manufacturing technologies (Products
A and B, made by the conventional sewing and thermal joining methods) assessed from
their cradle to the gate stage using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. This study
was performed based on the comprehensive Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of two different
manufacturing sequences obtained from a detailed… Show more

This article reports on the carbon footprint of production processes of polypropylene nonwoven
shopping bags made out of two different manufacturing technologies (Products
A and B, made by the conventional sewing and thermal joining methods) assessed from
their cradle to the gate stage using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. This study
was performed based on the comprehensive Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of two different
manufacturing sequences obtained from a detailed in-field study of the nonwoven PP bag
manufacturing industry. The environmental impacts were quantified by means of the IPCC
2007 GWP V 1.1. method in SIMAPRO 7.2. The carbon footprint expressed in terms of the
global warming potential (kg CO2 values for 20 and 100 years), calculated by IPCC 2007
methods, was considered as a directive to compare the environmental impact of these bags,
manufactured by the two different technologies, and a detailed explanation of the results is
provided in this paper. From the results of carbon footprint modelling, product A, made by
conventional sewing technology, was found to be better than product B, made by thermal
technology. A detailed explanation of the results of the environmental performance of these
bags as well as the hot-spots in both production technologies are discussed to a greater
extent in this article. Show less

This research work deals with the development of a novel framework to assess any product/textile material in terms of its eco-functional characteristics and to derive the Eco-functional Index from various sub-indices. Functional and ecological properties combined with consumer behaviour are the key aspects influencing the implications for the environment of any product, including textile products. Functional, ecological properties and consumer behaviour are currently treated as individual… Show more

This research work deals with the development of a novel framework to assess any product/textile material in terms of its eco-functional characteristics and to derive the Eco-functional Index from various sub-indices. Functional and ecological properties combined with consumer behaviour are the key aspects influencing the implications for the environment of any product, including textile products. Functional, ecological properties and consumer behaviour are currently treated as individual issues by consumers, business people and also industry. In fact, they are interrelated and interactive; their interaction is at the heart of this research. To date, no systematic study has been reported in the literature addressing the interrelation and interaction of these aspects. This study makes an attempt to combine these aspects in a single platform termed “Eco-functional Assessment”. This research work discusses the concept of eco-functional assessment and demonstrates the applications of the concept by considering shopping bags used for grocery purposes as an example. The primary aim of this research study is to fill the knowledge gaps by establishing a theoretical framework of eco-functional assessment, which has not been reported in the literature to date. An eco-functional model was developed with four inputs (raw materials, process of manufacture, functional properties and ecological properties) and five outputs (quality, functionality, 3Rs, human impact, environmental impact) to quantify the Eco-functional Index of any product/textile material. These inputs and outputs and their interrelation can provide a profile of the essential characteristics for the eco-functional assessment of any textile product. With the aid of the eco-functional model where the values from the discussed aspects are synthesized, eco-functional capacities of any product can be assessed and an “Eco-functional” Index can be assigned to any product. Show less

This paper reports the development of a unique model to quantify the environmental impact made by various textile fibres and also to position them in terms of ecological sustainability. A wide range of textile fibres and the major contributing factors in terms of environmental impact during manufacturing phase (starting from growth/extraction stage to production of a useful fibre which can be spun) have been selected. Amount of oxygen produced/carbon-di-oxide absorbed consequently contributing… Show more

This paper reports the development of a unique model to quantify the environmental impact made by various textile fibres and also to position them in terms of ecological sustainability. A wide range of textile fibres and the major contributing factors in terms of environmental impact during manufacturing phase (starting from growth/extraction stage to production of a useful fibre which can be spun) have been selected. Amount of oxygen produced/carbon-di-oxide absorbed consequently contributing to off-set global warming during the production phase of a fibre, utilisation of renewable resources, land use, usage of fertilisers and pesticides, fibre recyclability and biodegradability of chosen fibres have been considered. Amount of energy consumed, quantity of water utilised and amount of green house gases emitted have been considered for life cycle inventory (LCI) and a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) study has been accomplished to derive certain impact categories pertaining to the damage created to human health, ecosystem quality and resources, which will elucidate the characteristics of ecological sustainability. A scoring system based on the above mentioned factors which predominantly determine ecological sustainability has been framed, from which an Environmental Impact index (EI) has been developed. Further, an Ecological Sustainability Index (ESI) has been derived from EI values for the chosen fibres. According to this system, organic cotton is the most and acrylic is the least preferred fibre. A sensitivity study has been done to check the robustness of the developed model and the results of the same have been reported. Show less