<p>A group of former French resistance fighters volunteer for the Jewish Brigade Group. They are wearing armbands with the word "volunteer" in Hebrew. Tel Aviv, Palestine, December 3, 1944.</p>
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A 1915 portrait of Willem Arondeus. During World War II, Arondeus, a gay member of the Dutch resistance, participated in an attack on the Amsterdam Population Registry offices. His group set fire to several thousand files in an attempt to destroy government records of Jews and others sought by the Nazis. Soon after the attack, his unit was betrayed. The Nazis arrested and executed Arondeus in 1943. Blaricum, the Netherlands, 1915.
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1915 portrait of Willem Arondeus
1945 portrait of Eta Wrobel who was born on December 28, 1918, in Lokov, Poland. During the Holocaust,  Eta helped organize an exclusively Jewish partisan unit of close to eighty people.  She was the only child in her  family of ten to survive.
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1945 portrait of Eta Wrobel
A building burns during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. The photograph was taken through the window of a building adjacent to the ghetto. Warsaw, Poland, May 1943.
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A building burns during the suppression of the Warsaw ghetto uprising
Photograph of a  group of Jewish partisans. Sumsk, Poland, date uncertain.
Photo
A group of Jewish partisans
Former Jewish partisan leader Abba Kovner testifies for the prosecution during the trial of Adolf Eichmann. May 4, 1961.
Article
Abba Kovner
Article
Abe Asner
Abraham Blum, leader of the Bund (Jewish Socialist party) and member of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB). Blum participated in the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Poland, between 1940 and 1943.
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Abraham Blum
An advertisement for a series of lectures by Varian Fry, who worked in France to help anti-Nazi artists and intellectuals escape to the United States. New York, United States, 1942.
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Advertisement for a series of lectures by Varian Fry
Map
Aktion "Erntefest," November 3, 1943
Article
Alexander White
Lisa was one of three children born to a religious Jewish family. Following the German occupation of her hometown in 1939, Lisa and her family moved first to Augustow and then to Slonim (in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland). German troops captured Slonim in June 1941, during the invasion of the Soviet Union. In Slonim, the Germans established a ghetto which existed from 1941 to 1942. Lisa eventually escaped from Slonim, and went first to Grodno and then to Vilna, where she joined the resistance movement. She joined a partisan group, fighting the Germans from bases in the Naroch Forest. Soviet forces liberated the area in 1944. As part of the Brihah ("flight," "escape") movement of 250,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors from eastern Europe, Lisa and her husband Aron sought to leave Europe. Unable to enter Palestine, they eventually settled in the United States.
Oral History
Alisa (Lisa) Nussbaum Derman describes a dangerous journey to reach partisan territory in the Naroch Forest, Poland
Article
Allen Small
Alter Dvoretsky, head of the Zhetel Judenrat (Jewish council) and leader of the Zhetel underground.
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Alter Dvoretsky
Aron Derman while he was with Polish partisans in 1944. In this photograph, Aron wears a fur hat that he made and boots that he finished himself (he found them in the ghetto, unfinished, and sewed them up). Lisa Nussbaum was also a member of the partisans. Aron recounted that for a short while, Lisa was in charge of 200 women. Photograph taken in 1944, in a partisan base in the Naroch forest.
Photo
Aron Derman while he was with Polish partisans in 1944.
Reinhard Heydrich (left), Nazi governor of Bohemia and Moravia, with Karl Hermann Frank, his deputy. Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1941.
Timeline Event
Assassination of Reinhard Heydrich
Prewar photo of Ala Gertner. Bedzin, Poland, 1930s. After being deported to Auschwitz, Ala Gertner took fate into her own hands. Upon arrival, she was assigned to forced labor at a nearby armaments factory.  After learning that they were going to be killed, Gertner, along with fellow female prisoners, began smuggling gunpowder and explosives from the factory with plans to destroy one of the crematoriums. During the uprising in October 1944, the prisoners killed three guards. They also set fire to Crematorium 4, making it inoperable.The guards crushed the revolt and killed almost all of the prisoners involved in the rebellion. The Jewish women, including Gertner, who had smuggled the explosives into the camp were publicly hanged in early January 1945.
Timeline Event
Prisoner Revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau

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