Nepenthes gracilis: Difference between revisions

Nepenthes gracilis
	A pitcher of Nepenthes gracilis from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. gracilis
Binomial name
	Nepenthes gracilis; Korth. (1839)
Synonyms
	Synonyms Nepenthes angustifolia; Mast. (1881) ; Nepenthes distillatoria; auct. non L.: Jack (1835) ; Nepenthes distillatoria; auct. non L.: Wall. (1828); [=N. distillatoria/N. gracilis] ; Nepenthes korthalsiana; Miq. (1858) ; Nepenthes laevis; Lindl. (1848) ; Nepenthes laevis; Korth. ex Hook.f. in DC. (1873) ; Nepenthes longinodis; Beck (1895) ; Nepenthes obrieniana; Linden & Rodigas (1890) nom.ambiguum; [=?(N. gracilis × (N. rafflesiana × N. hirsuta)) × N. distillatoria/; N. gracilis/N. mirabilis] ; Nepenthes teysmanniana; Miq. (1858); [=N. albomarginata/N. gracilis] ;

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Nepenthes gracilis (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈɡræsɪlɪs/; from Latin: gracilis "slender"), or the slender pitcher-plant,^[5] is a common lowland pitcher plant that is widespread in the Sunda region. It has been recorded from Borneo, Cambodia,^[6] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Thailand.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 0 to 1100 m^[12] (and perhaps even 1700 m^[13]) above sea level, although most populations are found below 100 m and plants are rare above 1000 m.^[13] Despite being a widespread plant, natural hybrids between N. gracilis and other species are quite rare.

Nepenthes gracilis was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes".^[2]

Nepenthes abgracilis from the Philippines is named for its superficial similarity to this species.^[14]

Carnivory

The small, elongated pitchers of N. gracilis appear relatively unremarkable and have a very thin peristome. Nevertheless, the species is unusual (and possibly unique) in that the underside of the pitcher lid bears an uneven layer of wax crystals. This layer is not as thick as, and structurally distinct from, that found in the waxy zone of the pitcher interior, and insects can easily adhere to it in dry conditions. During downpours, however, it functions as part of a trapping mechanism, whereby the impact of raindrops striking the lid causes insects to lose their footing and fall into the pitcher cup below.^[15]

Left: Nepenthes gracilis upper pitcher with a Polyrhachis pruinosa ant (A and B), showing the waxy zones of the pitcher interior and lower lid surface.

Centre: Scanning electron micrographs revealing the ultrastructure of N. gracilis wax crystals on the inner surface of the pitcher (A and B) and underside of the lid (C and D).

Right: Prey capture efficiency of the two waxy layers and peristome of N. gracilis under 'dry', 'raining' and 'wet' conditions.

Trapping function of N. gracilis pitcher lid under experimental conditions^[15]

Ants being flicked off the waxy lower surface of the lid by the action of simulated rain
The same experiment carried out with an isolated lid held in place with a paper clip
High-speed recording showing a house fly (Musca domestica) falling into a pitcher following raindrop impact (recording frame rate: 428 s⁻¹, playback frame rate: 10 s⁻¹)

Distribution

One of the most widespread Nepenthes species, N. gracilis is native to Borneo, Cambodia,^[6] Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, central Sulawesi, and southernmost Thailand.^[7] It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including Bangka, Batu Islands, Belitung,^[16] Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Labuan,^[17] Langkawi, Mendol, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, and Tebing Tinggi), Musala, Nias, Penang, Phuket, Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands,^[18] and Riau Archipelago), and Rupat.^[19]

Taxonomy

In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes N. gracilis.^[20]

unnamed

	N. gracilis

	N. reinwardtiana

unnamed

N. tobaica

79%

	N. angasanensis

	N. mikei

Infraspecific taxa

Despite varying little across its range,^[20] N. gracilis has a number of infraspecific taxa. Most of these are no longer considered valid.

Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993)
Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)
Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macfarl. (1908)^[21]
Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Blume (1852)^[22]
Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895)^[4]
Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Van Houtte ex Rafarin (1869)
Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895)^[4]

Natural hybrids

The following natural hybrids involving N. gracilis have been recorded.

N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa]^[23]
(N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata]
N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi]^[23]
? N. eustachya × N. gracilis^[7]
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?]^[7]^[23]^[24]
N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis]^[25]
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana^[23]^[26]^[27]
N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana^[20]
N. gracilis × N. sumatrana^[7]

N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
N. ampullaria × N. gracilis
N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis
? N. eustachya × N. gracilis
N. gracilis × N. mirabilis
N. gracilis × N. northiana
N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
N. gracilis × N. sumatrana

References

^ Clarke, C.M.; Cantley, R.; Nerz, J.; Rischer, H.; Witsuba, A. (2000). "Nepenthes gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000. IUCN: e.T39663A10254967. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39663A10254967.en. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b Template:Nl icon Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
^ Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes angustifolia (Mast.), sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(408): 524.
^ ^a ^b ^c Template:De icon Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
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^ ^a ^b Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2
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^ Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.
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^ Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.
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^ Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
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[1]

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 |}}
 '''''Nepenthes gracilis''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|s|ᵻ|l|ɪ|s}}; from [[Latin]]: ''gracilis'' "slender"), or the '''slender pitcher-plant''',<ref name=P&L>Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''[[Pitcher-Plants of Borneo]]''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> is a common lowland [[pitcher plant]] that is widespread in the [[Sundaland|Sunda]] region. It has been recorded from [[Borneo]], [[Cambodia]],<ref name=bokorensisxkampotiana>Mey, F.S. 2016. [http://carnivorousockhom.blogspot.co.uk/2016/10/the-beautiful-nepenthes-kampotiana-x.html The beautiful ''Nepenthes kampotiana x bokorensis'']. ''Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle'', 5 October 2016.</ref> [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]], and [[Thailand]].<ref name=McPherson>McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''[[Pitcher Plants of the Old World]]''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref><ref name=M&A2012>McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref><ref>McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref><ref name=Catalano>{{it icon}} Catalano, M. 2010. ''[[Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio]]''. Prague.</ref><ref>McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref> The species has a wide altitudinal distribution of 0 to 1100&nbsp;m<ref>McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. ''[[Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina]]''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.</ref> (and perhaps even 1700&nbsp;m<ref name=AWS1992 />) [[above sea level]], although most populations are found below 100&nbsp;m and plants are rare above 1000&nbsp;m.<ref name=AWS1992>Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. {{cite web|url= http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf |title=The ecology and distribution of Bornean ''Nepenthes''. }} ''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' '''5'''(1): 13–25.</ref> Despite being a widespread plant, [[Hybrid (biology)|natural hybrids]] between ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'' and other species are quite rare.
 ''Nepenthes gracilis'' was [[Species description|formally described]] by [[Pieter Willem Korthals]] in his 1839 monograph, "[[Over het geslacht Nepenthes|Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes'']]".<ref name=Korthals />
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 ==Distribution==
 [[File:Nepenthes gracilis13.jpg|thumb|''Nepenthes gracilis'' habitat in [[Pahang]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]]]]
 One of the most widespread ''Nepenthes'' species, ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'' is native to [[Borneo]], [[Cambodia]],<ref name=bokorensisxkampotiana /> [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sumatra]], central [[Sulawesi]], and southernmost [[Thailand]].<ref name=McPherson /> It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including [[Bangka Island|Bangka]], [[Batu Islands]], [[Belitung]],<ref>{{id icon}} Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0402/D040205.pdf Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung.] [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] ''Biodiversitas'' '''4'''(2): 93–96. <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6JNxMk3Fd--></ref> [[Bengkalis Island|Bengkalis]], [[Ko Lanta]], [[Ko Tarutao]], [[Labuan Island|Labuan]],<ref>Burbidge, F.W. 1882. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25598125 Notes on the new ''Nepenthes''.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', new series, '''17'''(420): 56.</ref> [[Langkawi]], [[Mendol Island|Mendol]], [[Mentawai Islands]] ([[Siberut]]), [[Meranti Islands]] ([[Padang Island|Padang]], [[Rangsang]], and [[Tebing Tinggi Island|Tebing Tinggi]]), [[Musala Island|Musala]], [[Nias]], [[Penang Island|Penang]], [[Phuket Province|Phuket]], [[Riau Islands Province|Riau Islands]] ([[Lingga Islands]], [[Natuna Islands]],<ref name=Natuna>{{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] ''Berita Biologi'' '''11'''(1): 33–42. [http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/view.html?idm=80840 Abstract]</ref> and [[Riau Archipelago]]), and [[Rupat]].<ref name=maps>Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: ''[[Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia]]''.  Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp.&nbsp;299–307.</ref>
 ==Taxonomy==
@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 * Adam, J.H. 1997. {{cite web|url= http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf |title=Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat. }} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''20'''(2–3): 121–134.
 * Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{cite web|url= http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf |title=Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). }} ''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' '''22'''(1): 1–7.
 * Adam, J. H., R. Omar & C. C. Wilcock 2002. {{cite web|url= http://www.ansijournals.com/qredirect.php?doi=jbs.2002.623.625&linkid=pdf |title=Phytochemical Screening of Flavonoids in Three Hybrids of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) and their Putative Parental Species from Sarawak and Sabah. }} ''OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences'' '''2'''(9): 623–625. {{DOI|10.3923/jbs.2002.623.625}}
 * Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. [http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_shidkx200503004.aspx Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia]. ''Wetland Science'' '''3'''(3): 183–189.
 * {{ms icon}} Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim ''et al.'' 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) ''Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem''. [''Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem''.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp.&nbsp;147–157.
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 * {{id icon}} Deswita, E. 2010. [http://repository.unand.ac.id/15279/1/Skripsi.pdf Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis ''Nepenthes'' (''N.&nbsp;ampullaria'' Jack., ''N.&nbsp;gracilis'' Korth. dan ''N.&nbsp;reinwardtiana'' Miq.).] Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. [http://repository.unand.ac.id/15279/ Abstract] <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6JMgmuUK5-->
 * Dixon, W.E. 1889. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 ''Nepenthes''.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', series 3, '''6'''(144): 354.
 * {{id icon}} Enjelina, W. 2012. [http://pasca.unand.ac.id/id/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/ANALISIS-HIBRID-ALAM-KANTUNG-SEMAR-Nepenthes-DI-BUKIT-TARATAK-KABUPATEN-PESISIR-SELATAN-SUMATERA-BARAT-DENGAN-TEKNIK-RAPD2.pdf Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar (''Nepenthes'') di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD.] M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6JKxEhdcF-->
 * Fan, D.-H., H. Wang, D. Zhi & Y.-M. Shen 2010. CE analysis of endogenous flavonoid gallate esters from ''Nepenthes gracilis'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Chromatographia'' '''72'''(9–10): 1013–1016. {{DOI|10.1365/s10337-010-1729-0}}
 * Fashing, N.J. 2010. {{cite web|url= http://njfash.people.wm.edu/Trends%20in%20Acarology%202009.pdf |title=Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata). }} In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BBGkhCHzyfkC Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress]''. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp.&nbsp;81–84. {{DOI|10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5}}
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 * Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.] [pp.&nbsp;279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33794727 Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.] ''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' '''75'''(3): 279–391.
 * Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of ''Nepenthes''. ''The Philippine Journal of Science'' '''33'''(2): 127–140.
 * {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{cite web|url= http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf |title=Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. }} In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp.&nbsp;244–253.
 * {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] ''Berita Biologi'' '''8'''(5): 335–341. [http://digilib.biologi.lipi.go.id/view.html?idm=39057 Abstract]
 * {{id icon}} Mansur, M. 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534/392 Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah]. [Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(1): 67–73. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/index.php/JTL/article/view/534 Abstract] <!---->
 * Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. [http://ejurnal.bppt.go.id/ejurnal/index.php/JTL/article/view/561 Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia]. ''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' '''9'''(3): 271–276.
 * Moore, D. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26128971 On the culture of ''Nepenthes'' at Glasnevin.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(11): 359–360. <!--Nepenthes lævis-->
 * Masters, M.T. 1872. [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26129152 The cultivated species of ''Nepenthes''.] ''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(16): 540–542.
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 * Russell, C. & E. Ossian 1990. Opportunistic feeding involving the pitcher plants ''Nepenthes hirsuta'', ''Nepenthes gracilis'' and the epiphytic orchid ''Schomburgkia tibicinis'', or natural ant eradication, the rube goldberg method. ''The Orchid Digest'' '''54'''(4): 182–184.
 * Shivas, R.G. 1984. ''[[Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore]]''. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
 * Siegara, A. & Yogiara 2009. [http://www.permi.or.id/journal/index.php/mionline/article/view/15/0 Bacterial community profiles in the fluid of four pitcher plant species (''Nepenthes'' spp.) grown in a nursery]. ''Microbiology Indonesia'' '''3'''(3): 109–114.
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