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{{Family name hatnote|Soda|lang=Japanese}}
{{Family name hatnote|Soda|lang=Japanese}}


{{Nihongo|'''Soda Kaichi'''|曽田 嘉伊智|4=October 20, 1867 – March 28, 1962}} was a Japanese [[Protestantism|Protestant]] missionary and social activist. He is remembered fondly in South Korea for his charitable work in [[Korea under Japanese rule]], particularly through the Kamakura Orphanage ({{Lang-ja|鎌倉保育園|label=none}}; now [[Youngnak Borinwon]]) that he founded.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=이 |first=희용 |date=2020-11-09 |title=[이희용의 글로벌시대] '전쟁 범죄 참회' 촉구한 '일본의 양심' 소다 가이치 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20201105160600371 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> He reportedly cared for around a thousand Korean orphans from 1921 to 1945.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=曾田嘉伊智 (소다 가이치) |url=https://yanghwajin.net/story/info.php?mode=view&cat_no=3&idx=57 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=[[Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery]] |language=ko}}</ref>
{{Nihongo|'''Soda Kaichi'''|曽田 嘉伊智|4=October 20, 1867 – March 28, 1962}} was a Japanese [[Protestantism|Protestant]] missionary and social activist. He is remembered fondly in South Korea for his charitable work in [[Korea under Japanese rule]], particularly through the Kamakura Orphanage ({{Lang-ja|鎌倉保育園|label=none}}; now [[Youngnak Borinwon]]) he .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=이 |first=희용 |date=2020-11-09 |title=[이희용의 글로벌시대] '전쟁 범죄 참회' 촉구한 '일본의 양심' 소다 가이치 |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20201105160600371 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |language=ko}}</ref> cared for around a thousand Korean orphans.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=曾田嘉伊智 (소다 가이치) |url=https://yanghwajin.net/story/info.php?mode=view&cat_no=3&idx=57 |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=[[Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery]] |language=ko}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Soda was born on October 20, 1867 in [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan]]. In his youth, he worked a variety of jobs. He was an elementary school teacher, a coal miner, and a sailor. He worked in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. In 1899, he fell over while drunk on a street in Taiwan. A Korean took pity on him, and took him into an inn. The Korean paid for his meal and took care of him. Soda, moved by this experience, reportedly resolved to help others. He reportedly never learned the name of his benefactor, but moved to Korea in June 1905 to help the country of the man who had helped him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
Soda was born on October 20, 1867 in [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]], [[Empire of Japan]]. In his youth, he worked a variety of jobs. He was an elementary school teacher, a coal miner, and a sailor. He worked in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. in , and by him.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":" />


Soda was reportedly a heavy drinker around this time.<ref name=":3" /> In 1899, he fell over while drunk on a street in Taiwan. Most people ignored him lying there, and his position put him at risk of physical harm.<ref name=":3" /> A Korean took pity on him, and took him into an inn. The Korean paid for his meal and took care of him, then disappeared without ever telling Soda his name. Soda, moved by this experience, reportedly resolved to help others. He moved to Korea in June 1905 to help the country of his benefactor.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />
⚫
In Korea, Soda began teaching Japanese at the {{Ill|YMCA Korea|lt=Hwangsŏng Christian Youth Association|ko|대한기독교청년회연맹}} (now the [[YMCA]] Korea). While there, he met and was inspired by {{Ill|Yi Sang-jae|ko|이상재}}. He then converted to Protestant Christianity.<ref name=":0" /> In 1909, he married his wife Ueno Takiko ({{Lang-ja|上野瀧子|label=none}}),<ref name=":2" /> who taught English at [[Sookmyung Girls' High School]] and [[Ewha Girls' High School]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />


⚫
In Korea, Soda began teaching Japanese at the {{Ill|YMCA Korea|lt=Hwangsŏng Christian Youth Association|ko|대한기독교청년회연맹}} (now the [[YMCA]] Korea). While there, he met and was inspired by {{Ill|Yi Sang-jae|ko|이상재}}. He then converted to Protestant Christianity<ref name=":0" /> In 1909, he married his wife Ueno Takiko ({{Lang-ja|上野瀧子|label=none}}),<ref name=":2" /> who taught English at [[Sookmyung Girls' High School]] and [[Ewha Girls' High School]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
⚫
In 1911, during the outbreak of the [[105-Man Incident]], several of Soda's colleagues at the YMCA were arrested by the colonial government.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Soda urged the [[Governor-General of Chōsen]] [[Terauchi Masatake]] to release them. During the 1919 [[March First Movement]] protests, he provided medical aid to and advocated for the release of Korean protestors. His advocacy activities invited scrutiny from other Japanese people, who reportedly viewed him as a traitor.<ref name=":0" /> He also received criticism from some Koreans, who viewed him as a potential spy for the Japanese Empire.<ref name=":2" />


⚫
In 1911, during the outbreak of the [[105-Man Incident]], several of Soda's colleagues at the YMCA were arrested by the colonial government.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Soda the [[Governor-General of Chōsen]] [[Terauchi Masatake]] . During the 1919 [[March First Movement]] protests, he provided medical aid to and advocated for the release of Korean protestors. His advocacy activities invited scrutiny from other Japanese people, who reportedly viewed him as a traitor.<ref name=":0" /> He also received criticism from some Koreans, who viewed him as a potential spy for the Japanese Empire.<ref name=":2" />
⚫
In 1913, he founded the Kamakura Orphanage in [[Keijō]] (Seoul). In 1943, he was invited to a Japanese church in [[Wonsan]], [[Kankyōnan-dō]] ([[South Hamgyong Province]]). He left his wife in charge of Kamakura, and went to the church.<ref name=":0" />


⚫
In 1913, he founded the Kamakura Orphanage in [[]] . In 1943, he was invited to a Japanese church in [[Wonsan]], [[Kankyōnan-dō]] ([[South Hamgyong Province]]). He left his wife in charge of Kamakura, and went to the church.<ref name=":0" />
Soda was in Wonsan during the 1945 [[liberation of Korea]]. As Soviet troops began to [[Soviet Civil Administration|occupy the northern half of the peninsula]], Japanese citizens feared for their lives and went to the church for safety. In October 1947, Soda led the Japanese community to Seoul, and began arranging for their return to Japan.<ref name=":0" /> While Soda would return to Japan, his wife remained in Korea in order to keep caring for the orphans. She would eventually die at the age of 72 in January 1950; as Korea and Japan had no diplomatic relations at the time, Soda was unable to visit her grave in Korea.<ref name=":0" />


Soda was in Wonsan during the 1945 [[liberation of Korea]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Upon the liberation, some angered Koreans took revenge against Japanese people. Japanese people fled to the church for safety. The local Koreans, knowing and trusting Soda, reportedly left the church alone.<ref name=":3" /> Soviet troops began to [[Soviet Civil Administration|occupy the northern half of the peninsula]], and began applying pressure to close the church.<ref name=":3" /> In October 1947, Soda led the Japanese community in Wonsan to Seoul, and began arranging for their return to Japan.<ref name=":0" /> In Japan, he advocated for Japanese people to repent on how Korea had been treated during the colonial period.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
⚫
In Japan, he advocated for Japanese people to repent on how Korea had been treated during the colonial period.<ref name=":0" /> A Japanese reporter for ''[[The Asahi Shimbun]]'' reportedly learned that Soda had been unable to visit his wife's grave in Korea, and published a column in which they advocated for Soda to be allowed to. South Korean pastor Han Gyeong-jik ({{Korean|hangul=한경직|labels=no}}) also joined in the advocacy. They managed to secure a plane for him; Soda returned to Korea in May 1961, where he would spend the rest of his life.<ref name=":0" />

⚫
to Korea had the .<ref name=":0" /> A Japanese reporter for ''[[The Asahi Shimbun]]'' reportedly learned , and published a column in which they advocated for Soda to be allowed to. South Korean pastor - also joined in the advocacy. They managed to secure a plane for him; Soda returned to Korea in May 1961, where he would spend the rest of his life.<ref name=":0" />

In 1961,<ref name=":1" /> he became the first Japanese person to be awarded the [[Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)|South Korean Order of Cultural Merit]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />


== Death and legacy ==
== Death and legacy ==
He died, aged 96, on March 28, 1962 at the Youngnak Borinwon. A funeral was held for him on April 2 at the building [[Bumingwan]].<ref name=":0" /> Reportedly around 2,000 people attended the funeral.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=장 |first=상인 |date=2020-06-02 |title=은인의 나라 한국에서 헌신하다가 양화진에 묻힌 일본인...‘소다 가이치’ |url=https://monthly.chosun.com/client/mdaily/daily_view.asp?idx=9665&NewsNumb=2020069665 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |work=[[Monthly Chosun]]}}</ref> South Korean leader [[Park Chung Hee]] and Japanese Foreign Minister [[Zentarō Kosaka]] sent flowers to the ceremony.<ref name=":0" /> In 1961,<ref name=":1" /> he became the first Japanese person to be awarded the [[Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)|South Korean Order of Cultural Merit]].<ref name=":0" />
He died, aged 96, on March 28, 1962 at the Youngnak Borinwon. A funeral was held for him on April 2 at the building [[Bumingwan]].<ref name=":0" /> Reportedly around 2,000 people attended the funeral.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=장 |first=상인 |date=2020-06-02 |title=은인의 나라 한국에서 헌신하다가 양화진에 묻힌 일본인...‘소다 가이치’ |url=https://monthly.chosun.com/client/mdaily/daily_view.asp?idx=9665&NewsNumb=2020069665 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |work=[[Monthly Chosun]]}}</ref> South Korean leader [[Park Chung Hee]] and Japanese Foreign Minister [[Zentarō Kosaka]] sent flowers to the ceremony.<ref name=":0" />

⚫
Soda and his wife are the only Japanese people to be buried . His grave is marked with a cross, and reads: "Loving father to orphans. The grave of Soda Kaichi [[sensei]]" ({{Lang-ko|孤兒의 慈父 曾田嘉伊智先生之墓|label=none}}). He is buried alongside his wife.<ref name=":0" />


Soda was reportedly a private person, and did not seek recognition for his actions. It is reportedly difficult to find historical materials about him; information on him largely comes from people who knew him.<ref name=":3" />
⚫
Soda and his wife are the only Japanese people to be buried in the [[Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery]]. His grave is marked with a cross, and reads: "Loving father to orphans. The grave of Soda Kaichi [[sensei]]" ({{Lang-ko|孤兒의 慈父 曾田嘉伊智先生之墓|label=none}}). He is buried alongside his wife.<ref name=":0" />


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 12:23, 8 July 2024

In this Japanese name, the surname is Soda.

Soda Kaichi (曽田 嘉伊智, October 20, 1867 – March 28, 1962) was a Japanese Protestant missionary and social activist. He is remembered fondly in South Korea for his charitable work in Korea under Japanese rule, particularly through the Kamakura Orphanage (鎌倉保育園; now Youngnak Borinwon), which he led from 1921 to 1945.[1][2] During this time, he cared for around a thousand Korean orphans.[3]

Biography

Soda was born on October 20, 1867 in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Empire of Japan. In his youth, he worked a variety of jobs. He was an elementary school teacher, a coal miner, and a sailor. He worked in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.[2] He reportedly met Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen in person, and was inspired by him.[1][2]

Soda was reportedly a heavy drinker around this time.[2] In 1899, he fell over while drunk on a street in Taiwan. Most people ignored him lying there, and his position put him at risk of physical harm.[2] A Korean took pity on him, and took him into an inn. The Korean paid for his meal and took care of him, then disappeared without ever telling Soda his name. Soda, moved by this experience, reportedly resolved to help others. He moved to Korea in June 1905 to help the country of his benefactor.[1][2][3]

In Korea, Soda began teaching Japanese at the Hwangsŏng Christian Youth Association [ko] (now the YMCA Korea). While there, he met and was inspired by Yi Sang-jae [ko]. He then converted to Protestant Christianity,[1][2] and began practicing and advocating for temperance.[2] He reportedly befriended prominent Korean activists at the YMCA, including the future President of South Korea Syngman Rhee.[2] In 1909, he married his wife Ueno Takiko (上野瀧子),[3] who taught English at Sookmyung Girls' High School and Ewha Girls' High School.[1][3][2]

In 1911, during the outbreak of the 105-Man Incident, several of Soda's colleagues at the YMCA were arrested by the colonial government.[3][1][2] Soda petitioned their release to the Governor-General of Chōsen Terauchi Masatake and the Japanese court in Korea.[1][2] During the 1919 March First Movement protests, he provided medical aid to and advocated for the release of Korean protestors. His advocacy activities invited scrutiny from other Japanese people, who reportedly viewed him as a traitor.[1][2] He also received criticism from some Koreans, who viewed him as a potential spy for the Japanese Empire.[3][2] He and his wife received poor treatment from Japanese authorities, and was accused of indoctrinating Korean orphans into being anti-Japanese.[2]

In 1913, he founded the Keijō (Seoul) branch of the Kamakura Orphanage.[1][2] The orphanage was among the first of its kind in Korea.[2] In 1939, he leased land in Huam-dong, which became the current site of the Youngnak Borinwon.[2] In 1943, he was invited to a Japanese church in Wonsan, Kankyōnan-dō (South Hamgyong Province). He left his wife in charge of Kamakura, and went to the church.[1]

Soda was in Wonsan during the 1945 liberation of Korea.[1][2] Upon the liberation, some angered Koreans took revenge against Japanese people. Japanese people fled to the church for safety. The local Koreans, knowing and trusting Soda, reportedly left the church alone.[2] Soviet troops began to occupy the northern half of the peninsula, and began applying pressure to close the church.[2] In October 1947, Soda led the Japanese community in Wonsan to Seoul, and began arranging for their return to Japan.[1] In Japan, he advocated for Japanese people to repent on how Korea had been treated during the colonial period.[1][2]

Soda's wife remained in Korea in order to keep caring for the orphans. She would eventually die at the age of 72 in January 1950; as Korea and Japan had no diplomatic relations at the time, Soda was unable to visit her grave in Korea.[1] A Japanese reporter for The Asahi Shimbun reportedly learned about this, and published a column on January 1, 1960, in which they advocated for Soda to be allowed to go to Korea. South Korean pastor Kyung-Chik Han also joined in the advocacy.[2][1] They managed to secure a plane for him; Soda returned to Korea via Gimpo Airport in May 1961, where he would spend the rest of his life.[1][2]

In 1961,[4] he became the first Japanese person to be awarded the South Korean Order of Cultural Merit.[1][2]

Death and legacy

He died, aged 96, on March 28, 1962 at the Youngnak Borinwon. A funeral was held for him on April 2 at the building Bumingwan.[1] Reportedly around 2,000 people attended the funeral.[4] South Korean leader Park Chung Hee and Japanese Foreign Minister Zentarō Kosaka sent flowers to the ceremony.[1]

His remains were interred in Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery on April 4.[2] To date, Soda and his wife are the only Japanese people to be buried there. His grave is marked with a cross, and reads: "Loving father to orphans. The grave of Soda Kaichi sensei" (孤兒의 慈父 曾田嘉伊智先生之墓). He is buried alongside his wife.[1]

Soda was reportedly a private person, and did not seek recognition for his actions. It is reportedly difficult to find historical materials about him; information on him largely comes from people who knew him.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t 이, 희용 (2020-11-09). "[이희용의 글로벌시대] '전쟁 범죄 참회' 촉구한 '일본의 양심' 소다 가이치". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa 전, 정희 (2018-07-27). "[한국기독역사여행] 생명 구해준 은인의 나라… 한국 고아들의 아버지 되다". Kukmin Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "曾田嘉伊智 (소다 가이치)". Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  4. ^ a b 장, 상인 (2020-06-02). "은인의 나라 한국에서 헌신하다가 양화진에 묻힌 일본인...'소다 가이치'". Monthly Chosun. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
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