Skip to main content

Current Analytical Frameworks for Studies of Use–Wear on Ground Stone Tools

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current frameworks employed in use–wear studies of ground stone tools, and to discuss the objectives and limitations of this approach. It is argued that, along with providing valuable data for assessing the kinetics and materials processed with a tool, use–wear studies also allow for the investigation of the entire life history of an artifact, including manufacture, recycling, and discard phases.

The use–wear approach relies primarily on reference collections. This paper provides an overview of the experimental programs undertaken so far for various types of ground stone tools, raw materials, and use-contexts. The importance of raw material analysis is emphasized in relation to use–wear formation processes. Cleaning procedures, as well as our current understanding of the recovery and analysis of residues are briefly discussed. Photographic techniques of artifact and use–wear documentation are detailed, including digital methods of 3D modeling and focus staking.

Finally, observational frameworks are presented at a variety of scales, including the unaided eye—low and high magnifications. It is argued that each of these scales should be included in use–wear studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, J. L. (1993). Technological development of manos and metates on the Hopi mesas. Kiva, 58, 331–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. (1994). The development of prehistoric grinding technology in the point of pines area, east-central Arizona. Ph.D Thesis, University of Arizona, Arizona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L. (1988). Use-wear analyses on manos and hide-processing stones. Journal of Field Archaeology, 15(3), 307–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L. (1989). Methods for improving ground stone analysis: Experiments in mano wear patterns. In D. S. Amick & R. P. Mauldin (Eds.), Experiments in lithic technology (pp. 259–276). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L. (1999). Refocusing the role of food-grinding tools as correlates for subsistence strategies in the U.S. Southwest. American Antiquity, 64(3), 475–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L. (2002). Ground stone analysis : A technological approach. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L. (2008). Beyond the broken. In Y. M. Rowan & R. Z. Smith (Eds.), New approaches to old stones: Recent studies of ground stone artifacts (pp. 213–229). London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. L., Delgado, S., Dubreuil, L., Hamon, C., Plisson, H., & Risch, R. (2009). Functional analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: A focus on working surfaces. In F. Sternke, L. Eigeland, & L. J. Costa (Eds.), Non-flint raw material use in prehistory: Old prejudices and new directions (pp. 43–66). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso Martinez, N. (2002). Le moulin rotatif manuel au nord-est de la Péninsule ibérique: Une innovation technique dans le contexte domestique de la mouture des céréales. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer (pp. 111–127). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. C. (1980). A testimony of prehistoric tasks: Diagnostic residues on stone tool working edges. World Archaeology, 12(2), 181–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P. C., Georges, J.-M., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (2006). Insights from a tribological analysis of the tribulum. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33(11), 1559–1568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Gerfaud, P. (1981). Contribution méthodologique à l’analyse des microtraces d’utilisation sur les outils préhistoriques. Bordeaux: Institut de Préhistoire et de Géologie du Quaternaire, Université de Bordeaux I.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astruc, L., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (2003). Wear assessments of prehistoric instruments. Wear, 255(1–6), 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahadur, S. (2012). Wear: A synoptic view. In G. Totten (Ed.), Handbook of lubrification and tribology (pp. 6–90). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1980). Prehistory of the Levant. Annual Review of Anthropology, 9(1), 101–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1981). The Epi-Palaeolithic complexes in Southern Levant. In M. C. Cauvin & P. Sanlaville (Eds.), Préhistoire du Levant. Chronologie et organisation de l’espace depuis les origines jusqu’au VIème Millénaire (pp. 389-408). Editions du CNRS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton, H. (2007). Starch residues on museum artefacts: Implications for determining tool use. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(10), 1752–1762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudais, D., & Lundström-Baudais, K. (2002). Enquête ethnoarchéologique dans un village du nord-ouest du Népal. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer, I Méthodes (pp. 155–180). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baysal, A., & Wright, K. I. (2005). Cooking, crafts and curation: the ground stone artefacts from Çatalhöyük. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Excavations at Çatalhöyük, Volume 5. Changing materialities at Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–1999 seasons (pp. 313–324). Cambridge: British Institute for Archaeology at Ankara.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfer-Cohen, A., & Hovers, E. (2005). The ground-stone assemblages of the Natufian and Neolithic Societies in the Levant—A brief review. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 35, 299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berejnov, V. (2009). Rapid and inexpensive reconstruction of 3D Structures for Micro-Objects Using Common Optical Microscopy. arXiv.org, 2024. http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.2024.

  • Binford, L. R. (1971). Mortuary practices: Their study and their potential. In J. A. Brown (Ed.), Approaches to the social dimensions of mortuary practices (pp. 6–29). Michigan: Society for American Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. J. (1996). Friction science and technology. New York: Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bofill, M. (2012). Quantitative analysis of use-wear patterns: A functional approach to study grinding stone tools. In Broadening horizons 3: Conference of young researchers working in the Ancient Near East (pp. 63–84). Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bofill, M., & Taha, B. (2013). Experimental approach to hide-processing task combining the use of bone and basalt tools: The Neolithic case of Tell Halula (Middle Euphrates Valley, Syria). In R. Palomo, R. Piqué, & X. Terradas (Eds.), Experimentacion in arqueologia (pp. 45–55). Girona: Serie Monografica del MAC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bofill, M., Procopiou, H., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (2013). Use-wear analysis of near eastern prehistoric grinding stones. In P. C. Anderson, C. Cheval, & A. Durand (Eds.), Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux (pp. 225–242).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, R., Meredith, P., Smith, J., & Edmonds, M. (1992). Rock physics and the neolithic axe trade in great britain. Archaeometry, 34(2), 223–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bril, B., Smaers, J., Steele, J., Rein, R., Nonaka, T., Dietrich, G., Biryukova, E., Hirata, S., & Roux, V. (2011). Functional mastery of percussive technology in nut-cracking and stone-flaking actions: Experimental comparison and implications for the evolution of the human brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 367(1585), 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briuer, F. L. (1976). New clues to stone tool function: Plant and animal residues. American Antiquity, 41(4), 478–484.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broz, M. E., Cook, R. F., & Whitney, D. L. (2006). Microhardness, toughness, and modulus of Mohs scale minerals. American Mineralogist, 91(1), 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buonasera, T. (2005). Fatty acid analysis of prehistoric burned rocks: A case study from central California. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(6), 957–965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buonasera, T. (2007). Investigating the presence of ancient absorbed organic residues in groundstone using GC-MS and other analytical techniques: A residue study of several prehistoric milling tools from central California. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(9), 1379–1390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buonasera, T. (2012). Expanding archaeological approaches to ground stone: Modeling manufacturing costs, analyzing absorbed organic residues, and exploring social dimensions of milling tools, Ph.D. University of Arizona, Tucson, Dissertation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buonasera, T. (2013). Extracting new information from old experiments: GC/MS analysis of organic residues in aged experimental grinding tools. SAS Bulletin, 36(1), 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, L., Ollé, A., & Vergès, J. M. (2006). Under the hammer: Residues resulting from production and microwear on experimental stone tools. Archaeometry, 48(4), 549–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, C. (1995). Mortuary practices: Their social, philosophical-religious, circumstantial, and physical determinants. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2(2), 105–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, S., Cunha, E., Sousa, C., & Matsuzawa, T. (2008). Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) nut cracking. Journal of Human Evolution, 55(1), 148–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavaillon, J. (1979). Essai pour une typologie du matériel de percussion. Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française, 76(8), 230–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. (1998). Processus de formation et caractérisation physico-chimique des polis d’utilisation des outils de silex. Application à la technologie de l’ivoire. Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française, 95, 183–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M., & Valla, F. R. (1999). Pour relancer un débat : que sont les pierres à rainure du Natoufien Proche-Oriental? Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française, 96(2), 247–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clemente, I., Risch, R., & Zurro, D. (2002). Complementariedad entre analisis de residuos y trazas de uso para la determinacion functional de los instrumentos macroliticos: su aplicacion a un ejemplo etnografico del pais Dogon (Mali). In I. Clemente, R. Risch, & J. Gibaja (Eds.), Analisis Funcional. Su Applicacion al Estudio de Sociedades Prehistoricas. Oxford. BAR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cristiani, E., Lemorini, C., & Dalmeri, G. (2012). Ground stone tool production and use in the Late Upper Palaeolithic: The evidence from Riparo Dalmeri (Venetian Prealps, Italy). Journal of Field Archaeology, 37(1), 34–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowther, A. (2009). Investigating Lapita subsistence and pottery use through microscopic residues on ceramics: Methodological issues, feasibility and potential, Ph.D Dissertation, School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunnar, G. E. (2007). The production and use of stone tools at the Longshan period site of Liangchengzhen, China, Ph.D Dissertation, Yale University, Yale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, R. I. (2001). Ancient food technology. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’ Errico, F., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Evolution, revolution or saltation scenario for the emergence of modern cultures? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 1060–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’ Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Henshilwood, C., Lawson, G., Maureille, B., Gambier, D., & Van Niekerk, K. (2009). From the origin of language to the diversification of languages: What can archaeology and palaeoanthropology say? In F. d’ Errico & J. M. Hombert (Eds.), Becoming eloquent: Advances in the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures (pp. 13–68). Amsterdam: Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A. (1989). Essai d’une classification typologique des galets et plaquettes utilisés au Paléolithique. Gallia Préhistoire, 31(1), 27–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A. (1993). Approches expérimentales de techniques paléolithiques de façonnage des roches peu aptes à la taille. Paléo, 5, 155–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A. (1997). Les galets utilisés au Paléolithique supérieur : approche archéologique et expérimentale. Presented at the XXXIIème supplément à “Gallia Préhistoire,” Paris: CNRS éditions.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A. (2000). Pour une archéologie du geste. broyer, moudre, piler, des premiers chasseurs aux premiers agriculteurs. Paris: CNRS éditions.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A. (2004). The invention of technology: Prehistory and cognition. Current Anthropology, 45(2), 139–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beaune, S. A., & Pinçon, G. (2001). Approche expérimentale des techniques magdaléniennes de sculpture pariétale: le cas d’Angles-sur-l’Anglin (Vienne). In L. Bourguignon, I. Ortega, & M.-C. Frère-Sautot (Eds.), Préhistoire et approche expérimentale (pp. 67–75). Montagnac: Editions Monique Mergoil.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre, I., & Mora, R. (2010). A technological analysis of non-flaked stone tools in Olduvai Beds I & II. Stressing the relevance of percussion activities in the African Lower Pleistocene. In V. Mourre & M. Jarry (Eds.), Entre le marteau et l’enclume. La percussion directe au percuteur dur et la diversité de ses modalités d´application. Actes de la table ronde de Toulouse (pp. 13–34), 15–17 March 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Torre, I., Benito-Calvo, A., Arroyo, A., Zupancich, A., & Proffitt, T. (2013). Experimental protocols for the study of battered stone anvils from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(1), 313–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pilar Babot, M., & Apella, M. C. (2003). Maize and bone: Residues of grinding in northwestern Argentina. Archaeometry, 45(1), 121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S. (2008). Prácticas económicas y gestión social de recursos técnicos en la Prehistoria Reciente (III-I Milenio AC) del Mediterráneo Occidental, Ph.D Dissertation, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S. (2013). TecnotipologÍa y distribución especial del material macrolítico del Cerro de la Vigen de Orce (Granada). Oxford: Bar 2518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S., & Risch, R. (2008). Lithic perspectives on metallurgy: An example from Copper and Bronze Age south-east Iberia. In L. Longo (Ed.), “Prehistoric technology” 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy (pp. 235–252). Verona: Museo Civico di Verona, & Universita degli Studi di Verona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S., & Risch, R. (2009). Towards a systematic analysis of grain processing technologies. In M. de Araujo Igreja & I. Clemente (Eds.), Proceedings of the workshop: Recent functional studies on non flint stone tools: Methodological improvements and archaeological inferences. Lisbon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S., Gómez-Gras, D., & Risch, R. (2008). Las propiedades mecánicas de los artefactos macrolíticos: Una base metodológica para el análisis funcional. In S. Rovira, M. García-Heras, M. Genery, & I. Montero (Eds.), Actas del VII Congreso Ibérico de Arqueometría (pp. 330–345). Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Raack, S., Gómez-Gras, D., & Risch, R. (2009). The mechanical properties of macrolithic artifacts: A methodological background for functional analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(9), 1823–1831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deseilligny, M. P., & Clery, I. (2011). Évolution récentes en photogrammétrie et modélisation 3D par photo des milieux naturels. In S. Jaillet & E. Ployon (Eds.), Images et modèles 3D en milieux naturels (Vol. 12, pp. 51–66). Le Bourget-du-Lac: Edytem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, G. (1979). The nature of so-called polished surfaces on stone artifacts. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 159–166). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, W. A. (1979). The wear and use of battered tools at Armijo Rockshelter. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 231–242). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L. (in prep). Investigating Natufian mortars and pestles function: An experimental approach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L. (2002). Etude fonctionnelle des outils de broyage natoufiens: nouvelles perspectives sur l’émergence de l’agriculture au Proche-Orient, Ph.D Dissertation, Bordeaux I University, Bordeaux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L. (2004). Long-term trends in Natufian subsistence: A use-wear analysis of ground stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(11), 1613–1629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L. (2008). Mortar versus grinding-slabs and the neolithization process in the Near East. In L. Longo & N. Skakun (Eds.), “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy (pp. 169–177). Verona: Museo Civico di Verona, and Universita degli Studi di Verona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L. (2009). Functional analysis of grinding tools from the natufian site of mallaha: Toward an understanding of assemblage evolution in the levant. The Arkeotek Journal, 3(1), (Online Publication).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L., & Grosman, L. (2009). Ochre and hide-working at a Natufian burial place. Antiquity, 83(322), 935–954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L., & Grosman, L. (2013). The life history of macrolithic tools at Hilazon Tachtit cave. In O. Bar-Yosef & F. R. Valla (Eds.), Natufian foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene social changes in western Asia (pp. 527–543). Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L., & Plisson, H. (2010). Natufian flint versus ground stone tools: A use-wear perspective on subsistance change. Eurasian Prehistory, 7(1), 45–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L., & Rosen, A. (2010). Alternative methods for gathering: Direct and indirect evidence of plant exploitation during the Natufian. Eurasian Prehistory, 7(1), 3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubreuil, L., & Savage, D. (2013). Ground stones: A synthesis of the use-wear approach. Journal of Archaeological Science,48 139–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertug-Yaras, F. (2002). Pounders and grinders in a modern central Anatolian village. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer (pp. 211–225). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A. A., & Donahue, R. E. (2005). The elemental chemistry of lithic microwear: An experiment. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(12), 1733–1740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, J., Cosgrove, R., Fullagar, R., & Lance, B. (2009). Starch residues on grinding stones in private collections: A study of morahs from the tropical rainforests of NE Queensland. In M. Haslam, G. Robertson, A. Crowther, S. Nugent, & L. Kirkwood (Eds.), Archaeological science under a microscope studies in residue and ancient DNA analysis (pp. 228–238). Canberra: ANU E Press. (In honour of Thomas H. Loy).

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. V. (1969). Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In P. J. Ucko & G. W. Dimbleby (Eds.), The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals (pp. 73–100). Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flannery, K. V. (1973). The origins of agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 2, 271–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formenti, F., & Procopiou, H. (1998). Analyse chromatographique de traces d’acides gras sur l’outillage de mouture. Contribution à son interprétation fonctionnelle. Cahiers de l’Euphrate, 8, 151–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullagar, R., & Field, J. (1997). Pleistocene seed-grinding implements from the Australian arid zone. Antiquity, 71(272), 300–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullagar, R., & Jones, R. (2004). Usewear and residue analysis of stone artefacts from the enclosed chamber, Rocky Cape, Tasmania. Archaeology in Oceania, 39, 79–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullagar, R., & Stephenson, B. (2012). A Functional study of grinding stones from South Flank, Pilbara, W.A. An unpublished report prepared by scarp archaeology and in the groove analysis Pty Ltd for BHP Billiton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullagar, R., & Wallis, L. (2011). Usewear and phytoliths on bedrock grinding patches in North-Western Australia. In L. Russel (Ed.), Papers in Honour of Beth Gott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geneste, D., Plisson, H., Delannoy, J. J., & Petchey, F. (2012). The origins of ground-edge axes: New findings from Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land (Australia) and global implications for the evolution of fully modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 22, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, J. E., & Ibanez, J. J. (2002). The use of pebbles in Eastern Vizcaya between 12 000 and 10 000 B.P. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et broyer: L’interprétation fonctionnelle de l’outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la préhistoire et l’antiquité (pp. 69–80). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren-Inbar, N., Sharon, G., Melamed, Y., & Kislev, M. (2002). Nuts, nut cracking, and pitted stones at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 2455–2460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, C. (2006). Broyage et abrasion au Neolithique ancien. Caracterisation technique et fonctionnelle des outils en gres du Bassin parisien. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, C. (2007). Functional analysis of stone grinding and polishing tools from the earliest Neolithic of north-western Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 1502–1520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, C., & Le Gall, V. (2013). Millet and sauce: The uses and functions of querns among the Minyanka (Mali). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 32(1), 109–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, C., & Plisson, H. (2009). Functional analysis of grinding stones: The blind test. In L. Longo & N. Skakun (Eds.), “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy (pp. 29–38). Verona: Museo Civico di Verona, & Universita degli Studi di Verona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, O. W. (1997). Rock quarries and the manufacture, trade, and uses of stone tools and symbolic stones in the Central Highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Ethnoarchaeological perspectives, Ph.D Dissertation, Texas A & M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, M. (2004). The decomposition of starch grains in soils: Implications for archaeological residue analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(12), 1715–1734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, M. (2009). Mountains and molehills: Sample size in archaeological microscopic stone-tool residue analysis. In M. Haslam, G. Robertson, A. Crowther, S. Nugent, & L. Kirkwood (Eds.), Archaeological science under a microscope studies in residue and ancient dna analysis in honour of Thomas H. Loy (pp. 47–79). Canberra: ANU E Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, M., Hernandez-Aguilar, A., Ling, V., Carvalho, S., de la Torre, I., DeStefano, A., & Warren, R. (2009). Primate archaeology. Nature, 460(7253), 339–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (1987). Lithic studies among the contemporary highland Maya. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (1990). Nimrods, piscators, pluckers, and planters: The emergence of food production. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 9(1), 31–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (2004). Sociopolitical organization in the Natufian: A view from the Northwest. In C. Delage (Ed.), The last hunter-gatherer societies in the Near East (pp. 263–308). Oxford: John and Erica Hedges.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B. (2009). The proof is in the pudding. Current Anthropology 50, 596–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B., Canuel, N., & Shanse, J. (2013). What was brewing in the Natufian? An archaeological assessment of brewing technology in the Epipaleolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 20(1), 102–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henshilwood, C. S., d’ Errico, F., van Niekerk, K. L., Coquinot, Y., Jacobs, Z., Lauritzen, S.-E., & Garcia-Moreno, R. (2011). A 100,000-year-old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science, 334(6053), 219–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Högberg, A., Puseman, K., & Yost, C. (2009). Integration of use-wear with protein residue analysis—a study of tool use and function in the south Scandinavian Early Neolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(8), 1725–1737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsfall, G. A. (1987). Design theory and grinding stones. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic studies among the contemporary highland Maya (pp. 332–372). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamminga, J. (1979). The nature of use-polish and abrasive smoothing on stone tools. In B. Hayden (Ed.), Lithic use-wear analysis (pp. 143–157). New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, K. (1995). A use-wear analysis of the function of basalt cylinders. Kiva, 61, 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, L. H. (1980). Experimental determination of stone tool uses: A microwear analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G. (2009). The human career: Human biological and cultural origins (3rd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, J., & Loy, T. (2005). Seeing red: The use of Congo Red dye to identify cooked and damaged starch grains in archaeological residues. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(10), 1433–1440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langejans, G. H. J. (2010). Remains of the day-preservation of organic micro-residues on stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(5), 971–985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey, M. D. (1971). Olduvai Gorge, Vol.3. Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1971). L’homme et la matière (2nd ed.). Paris: Albin Michel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidström Holmberg, C. (1998). Prehistoric grinding tools as metaphorical traces of the past. Current Swedish Archaeology, 6, 123–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidström Holmberg, C. (2004). Saddle querns and gendered dynamics of the Early Neolithic in Mid Central Sweden. In H. Knutsson (Ed.), Proceedings of the final coast to coast conference 1–5 October 2002 in Falköping, Sweden (pp. 199–231). Uppsala: Uppsala University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littlefield, R. (2010). Infinity objective on low-end zoom telephoto works fine. http://www.photomacrography.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=9664.

  • Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Bestel, S., Chen, X., & Ma, X. (2010). What did grinding stones grind? New light on Early Neolithic subsistence economy in the middle Yellow River Valley, China. Antiquity, 84, 813–833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., Field, J., Fullagar, R., Zhao, C., Chen, X., & Yu, J. (2011). A functional analysis of grinding stones from an early Holocene site at Donghulin, North China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 2630–2639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, E., & Fratt, L. (1993). Pigment processing at Homol’ovi III: A preliminary study. Kiva, 58, 415–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, M. (2005). Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A multianalytical approach. Journal of Human Evolution, 48(3), 279–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, M. (2008). Finding resolution for the Howiesons Poort through the microscope: Micro-residue analysis of segments from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(1), 26–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, L. A., Banning, E. B., & Chazan, M. (2011). Oasis or mirage? Assessing the role of abrupt climate change in the prehistory of the Southern Levant. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 21(01), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansur, M. E. (1997). Functional analysis of polished stone-tools: Some considerations about the nature of polishing. In M. A. Bustillo & A. Ramos Millan (Eds.), Siliceous rocks and culture (pp. 465–486). Madrid: CSIC et Université de Grenade.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansur-Franchomme, M. E. (1986). Microscopie du matériel lithique préhistorique. Traces d’utilisation, altérations naturelles, accidentelles et technologiques: exemples de Patagonia. Bordeaux: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcbrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(5), 453–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrew, W. C. (2010). In search of the last common ancestor: New findings on wild chimpanzees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1556), 3267–3276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeks, N. D., de G. Sieveking, G., Tite, M. S., & Cook, J. (1982). Gloss and use-wear traces on flint sickles and similar phenomena. Journal of Archaeological Science, 9(4), 317–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menasanch, M., Risch, R., & Soldevilla, J. A. (2002). Los tecnologias del procesado de cereal en el sudeste de la peninsula ibérica durante el III y el II milenio A.N.E. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer (pp. 81–110). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercader, J., Barton, H., Gillespie, J., Harris, J., Kuhn, S., Tyler, R., & Boesch, C. (2007). 4,300-Year-old chimpanzee sites and the origins of percussive stone technology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(9), 3043–3048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. (1991). The Near East. In W. Van Zeist, K. Wasylikowa, & K. Behre (Eds.), Progress in old world palaeoethnobotany (pp. 133–160). Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milleville, A. (2007). “De la pierre à la meule” durant le néolithique. Circulation et gestion des matières premières entre Rhin et Rhône, Ph.D Dissertation, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mora, R., & de la Torre, I. (2005). Percussion tools in Olduvai Beds I and II (Tanzania): Implications for early human activities. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 24, 179–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadel, D., Piperno, D. R., Holst, I., Snir, A., & Weiss, E. (2012). New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Antiquity, 86(334), 990–1003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nierlé, M. C. (1983). Mureybet et Cheik Hassan (Syrie): outillage de mouture et de broyage (9e et 8e millénaires). Cahiers de l’Euphrate, 3, 177–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odell, G. H. (2001). Stone tool research at the end of the millennium: Classification, function, and behavior. Journal of Archaeological Research, 9(1), 45–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, D. M., Chandler-Ezell, K., & Zeidler, J. A. (2004). Maize in ancient Ecuador: Results of residue analysis of stone tools from the Real Alto site. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(4), 423–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierrot-Deseilligny, M., & Clery, I. (2011). Évolution récentes en photogrammétrie et modélisation 3D par photo des milieux naturels. In S. Jaillet & E. Ployon (Eds.), Images et modèles 3D en milieux naturels (Vol. 12, pp. 51–66). Le Bourget-du-Lac: Edytem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piperno, D. R. (2006). Phytoliths: A comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists. Lanham: AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piperno, D. R., Weiss, E., Holst, I., & Nadel, D. (2004). Processing of wild cereal grains in the upper palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. Nature, 430(7000), 670–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piperno, D. R., Ranere, A. J., Holst, I., Iriarte, J., & Dickau, R. (2009). Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(13), 5019–5024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (2014). 3D en kit: des solutions pour la tracéologie et au-delà. In L. Costa, F. Djindjian, F. Giligny (Eds.), Actes des 3émes Journées d’Informatique et Archéologie de Paris-JIAP 2012 (Paris, 1–2 juin 2012). Monterotondo Stazione: CNR. (Archeologia e Calcolatori).

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (in press). Digital photography in use-wear studies, from 2D to 3D. In R. Vergnieux, & C. Delavoie (Eds.), Virtual Retrospect 2013, Proceedings of the 5th conference. Pessac: Editions Ausonius.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (1985). Etude fonctionnelle d’outillages lithiques préhistoriques par l’analyse des micro-usures: recherche méthodologique et archéologique, Ph.D Dissertation, Université de Paris I, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (1989). Quelques considérations sur l’équipement optique adapté à la micro-tracéologie. Helinium, XXIX, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (1991). Tracéologie et expérimentation : bilan d’une situation. In Actes du colloque international “Expérimentation en archéologie” (pp. 152–160). Errance, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H. (2006). Un burin ne sert pas à buriner mais en burinant. Archéologiques, 2, 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H., & Lompré, A. (2008). Technician or researcher? A visual answer. In L. Longo & N. Skakun (Eds.), “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later: Functional studies and the Russian legacy (pp. 503–508). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poissonnier, B. (2002). Pilons, broyeurs, bouchardes, marteaux et autres percuteurs : Les interprétations fonctionnelles au risque de l’expérimentation. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer. Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portillo, M., Bofill, M., Molist, M., Albert, R. M. (2013). Phytolith and use-wear functional evidence for grinding stones from the Near East. In Anderson, P. C., Cheval, C., & Durand, A. (Eds.), Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux. An interdisciplinary focus on plant-working tools (pp. 205–218). Éditions APDCA, Antibes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinsloo, L. C., Wadley, L., & Lombard, M. (2014). Infrared reflectance spectroscopy as an analytical technique for the study of residues on stone tools: Potential and challenges. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41, 732–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H. (1998). L’outillage de mouture et de broyage en Crète Minoenne, Ph.D Dissertation, Université de Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H. (2004). Le broyage des matiéres minérales: l’apport de la tribologie à l’identification de la transformation des matières minérales. Dossiers D’archéologie, 290, 58–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H., Jautee, E., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouni, H. (1998). Petrographic and use-wear analysis of a quern from Syvritos Kephala. In F. Facchini, A. Palma Di Cesnola, M. Piperno, & C. Peretto (Eds.), Actes du XIIème Congrès de l’UISPP, Forli 8–14 September 1996 (pp. 1183–1192). Forli: A.B.A.C.O.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H., Anderson, P., Formenti, F., & Jordi, J. T. (2002). Étude des matières transformées sur les outils de mouture: Identification des résidus et des traces d’usure par analyse chimique et par observation en microscopie optique et électronique. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et broyer (pp. 111–127). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H., Boleti, A., Vargiolu, R., & Zahouani, H. (2011). The role of tactile perception during stone-polishing in Aegean prehistory (5th–4th millennium B.C.). Wear, 271(9–10), 2525–2530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procopiou, H., Morero, E., Vargiolu, R., Suarez-Sanabria, M., & Zahouani, H. (2013). Tactile and visual perception during polishing: An ethnoarchaeological study in India (Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu). Wear, 301(1–2), 144–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quigg, J. (2003). New analytical approaches to South Texas cultural assemblages. Journal of the Southern Texas Archaeological Association, 30(3), 15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, R. R. (2005). The function of the edge ground cobble put to the test: An initial assessment. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology, 6, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. M., & Pritchard-Parker, M. A. (1993). Preliminary results of a replicative study: Metate re-roughening, pecking, or pounding? Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology, 6, 199–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revedin, A., Aranguren, B., Becattini, R., Longo, L., Marconi, E., Lippi, M. M. et al. (2010). Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(44), 18815–18819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risch, R. (2002). Recursos naturales, medios de producción y explotación social: Un análisis económico de la industria lítica de Fuente Álamo, (Almería), 2250–1400 antes de nuestra era. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risch, R. (2008). From production traces to social organization: Towards an epistemology of functional analysis. In L. Longo & N. Skakun (Eds.), “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later: Functional studies and the russian legacy (pp. 519–527). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roda Gilabert, X., Martínez-Moreno, J., & Mora Torcal, R. (2012). Pitted stone cobbles in the Mesolithic site of Font del Ros (Southeastern Pre-Pyrenees, Spain): Some experimental remarks around a controversial tool type. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(5), 1587–1598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Rodriguez, A. C., Jimenez Medina, A. M., & Zamora Maldona, J. M. (2004). El instrumental litico en el trabajo de la loza tradicional: Apuntes etnoarqueologicos. In F. Morales Padron (Ed.), Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana (pp. 419–436). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Casa de Colon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez Rodriguez, A. C., Jimenez Medina, A. M., Zamora Maldona, J. M., & Mangas Vinuela, J. (2006). El empleo de cantos rodados en la elaboracion de la loza tradicional de la isla de Gran Canaria, implicaciones etnoarquelogicas. Trebals d’Etnoarqueologia, 6, 209–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. (2008). Serving meals making a home: The PPNA limestone vessel industry of the Southern Levant and its importance to the neolithic revolution. Paléorient, 34, 23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rots, V., & Williamson, B. (2004). Microwear and residue analyses in perspective: The contribution of ethnoarchaeological evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(9), 1287–1299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumold, C. U. (2010). Illuminating women’s work and the advent of plant cultivation in the highland Titicaca Basin of South America: New evidence from grinding tool and starch grain analyses. Santa Barbara: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Runnels, C. N. (1981). A diachronic study and economic analysis of millstones from the Argolid, Greece, Ph.D Dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajnerova-Duskova, A., Fridrich, J., & Fridrichova-Sykorova, I. (2009). Pitted and grinding stones from the middle Palaeolithic settlements in Bohemia: A functional study. In F. Sternke, L. J. Costa, & L. Eigeland (Eds.), Non-flint raw material use in prehistory: Old prejudices and new directions (pp. 1–10). Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, D. (2010). Experimental grinding and ancient egyptian flour production. In S. Ikram & A. Dodson (Eds.), Beyond the horizon: Studies in Egyptian art, archaeology and history in honour of Barry J. Kemp (pp. 253-290). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santallier, D., Caron, V., Gisclon, J. L., Jautee, E., & Rantsordas, S. (2002). Les qualités mécaniques des matériaux lithiques utilisés pour la confection du matériel de broyage et de mouture. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et Broyer (pp. 15–29). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M., & Skibo, M. (1987). Theory and experiment in the study of technological change. Current Anthropology, 28, 595–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J. S. (2002). Milling tool design, stone textures and function. In H. Procopiou & R. Treuil (Eds.), Moudre et broyer (pp. 31–53). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J., & LaPorta, P. (2008). Geological constraints on ground stone production and consumption in the Southern Levant. In Y. Rowan & J. Ebeling (Eds.), New approaches to old stones. Recent studies of ground stone artifacts (pp. 19–40). London: Equinox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov, C. A. (1957). Первобытная техника. Москва: Академия Наук СССР.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov, S. (1964). Prehistoric technology: An experimental study of the oldest tools and artefacts from traces of manufacture and wear. (M. Thompson, Trans.). London: Cory, Adams and Mackay.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shizhu, W., & Ping, H. (2012). Principles of tribology. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoumacker, A. (1993). Apports de la technologie et de la pétrographie pour la caractérisation des meules. In P. C. Anderson, S. Beyries, M. Otte, & H. Plisson (Eds.), Traces et fonction, les gestes retrouvés (Vol. 1, pp. 165–176). Valbonne: Centre de Recherches Archéologiques du CNRS & Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liège.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigaut, F. (1991). Un couteau ne sert pas à couper mais en coupant. Structure, fonctionnement et fonction dans l’analyse des objets. In Actes des rencontres 18-19-20 Octobre 1990: 25 ans d’études technologiques en Préhistoire. Bilan et perspectives (pp. 21–34). Juan-les-Pins: APDCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. (2004). The grindstone assemblage from Puritjarra rock shelter: Investigating the history of seed-based economies in arid Australia. In T. Murray (Ed.), Archaeology from Australia (pp. 168–186). Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, B. (2011). In the groove: An integrated functional analysis of arid zone millstones from Queensland (Unpublished BA (Hons) Thesis). School of Social Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, B. (2012). Roy Hill rail corridor, chainages 25-110 and 110-136, Pilbara, Western Australia: Report on use-wear and residue analysis of a representative sample of grinding patch sites. A report prepared by ITGA for LAS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroulia, A., & Chondrou, D. (2013). Destroying the means of production. The case of ground stone tools from Kremasti-Kilada, Greece. In J. Driessen (Ed.), Destruction: Archaeological, philological and historical perspectives (pp. 100–150). Louvain: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroulia, A., & Dubreuil, L. (2013). Design or use? Discussion of a peculiar shape among grinding tools from Kremasti-Kilada, Northern Greece. In 78th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takashi, T. (2012). MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens in the Japanese archipelago. Quaternary International, 248, 70–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiéry, V., & Green, D. I. (2012). The multifocus imaging technique in petrology. Computers & Geosciences, 45, 131–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrence, R. (2006). Description, classification and identification. In R. Torrence & H. Barton (Eds.), Ancient starch research (pp. 115–144). California: Left Coast Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treuil, R. (2002). En guise de conclusion: Mouture et sociétés, questions pour une histoire. In Treuil, R. and Procopiou, H. (Eds.), Moudre et broyer (pp. 229–235). Paris: CTHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsoraki, C. (2007). Unravelling ground life histories: The spatial organization of stone tools and human activities at LN Makriyalos, Greece. Documenta Praehistorica, XXXIV, 289–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ucko, P. J. (1969). Ethnography and archaeological interpretation of funerary remains. World Archaeology, 1(2), 262–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger–Hamilton, R. (1984). The formation of use-wear polish on flint: Beyond the “deposit versus abrasion” controversy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 11(1), 91–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Valamoti, S. M., Chondrou, D., & Papadopoulou, L. (2013). Plant food processing and ground stone equipment in prehistoric Greece: An experimental investigation using seeds of einkorn and grass-pea. In P. C. Anderson, C. Cheval, & A. Durand (Eds.), Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux. An interdisciplinary focus on plant-working tools (pp. 169–187). Juan-les-Pins: APDCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijn, A. (1990). The wear and tear of flint: Principles of functional analysis applied to Dutch Neolithic assemblages. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 22, 1–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijn, A., & Lammers-Keijsers, Y. (2010). Toolkits for ceramic production: Informal tools and the importance of high power use-wear analysis. Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française, 107, 755–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Gijn, A., & Verbaas, A. (2009). Reconstructing the life history of querns: The case of the LBK site in Geleen-Janskamperveld (NL). In M. de Araujo Igreja & I. C. Conte (Eds.), Recent functional studies on non-flint stone tools: Methodological improvements and archaeological inferences. Lisbon: p. CD-ROM Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Peer, P., Fullagar, R., Stokes, S., Bailey, R. M., Moeyersons, J., Steenhoudt, F. et al. (2003). The early to middle Stone Age transition and the emergence of modern human behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan. Journal of Human Evolution, 45(2), 187–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargiolu, R., Morero, E., Boleti, A., Procopiou, H., Pailler-Mattei, C., & Zahouani, H. (2007). Effects of abrasion during stone vase drilling in Bronze Age Crete. Wear, 263(1-6), 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, P. C. (1981). Lithic microwear experimentation and the functional analysis of a Lower Magdalenian stone tool assemblage, Ph.D Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbaas, A., & van Gijn, A. (2008). Querns and other hard stone tools from Geleen-Janskamperveld. In P. van de Velde (Ed.), Excavations at Geleen-Janskamperveld 1990/1991 (pp. 191–204). Leiden: University of Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, G. J. J. (2010). It’s all about the format—unleashing the power of RAW aerial photography. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(8), 2009–2042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, P. J., & Quintero, L. A. (1994). Naviform core-and-blade technology: Assemblage character as determined by replicative experiments. In H. G. K. Gebel & S. K. Kozlowski (Eds.), Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions (pp. 33–60). Berlin: Ex Oriente.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, P. J., & Quintero, L. A. (1996). Near Eastern Neolithic millstones production: Insights from research in the arid Southwestern United States. In S. K. Kozlowski & H. G. K. Gebel (Eds.), Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions (pp. 243–260). Berlin: Ex oriente.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, P. R. (1985). Spheroids and battered stones in the African early Stone Age. World Archaeology, 17(1), 44–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, P. R. (1987). Spheroid and battered stones in the African early and middle Stone Age. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (1992a). A classification system for ground stone tools from the prehistoric Levant. Paléorient, 18, 53–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (1992b). Ground stone assemblages variation and subsistence strategies in the Levant, 22 000–5 500 BP, Ph.D Dissertation, Yale University, Department of Anthropology, Yale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (1994). Ground-stone tools and hunter gatherer subsistence in Southwest Asia: Implications for the transition to farming. American Antiquity, 59(2), 238–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (2000). The social origins of cooking and dining in early villages of Western Asia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 66, 89–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (2008). Craft production and the organization of ground stone technologies. In Y. Rowan & J. Ebeling (Eds.), New approaches to old stones: Recent studies of ground stone artifacts (pp. 130–143). London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. I. (2014). Domestication and inequality? Households, corporate groups and food processing tools at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 33, 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. K. (1993). Simulated use of experimental maize grinding tools from Southwestern Colorado. Kiva, 58, 345–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, S. (2000). Development of the Neolithic: Lithic use-wear analysis of major tool types in the Southern Levant, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yost, C. (2008). Protein residue analysis of clovis points and great basin points from Millard Country, Utah (Paleo Research Institute Technical Report No. 07-055). Salt Lake City, Utah: Paleo Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, D., Hopf, M., & Weiss, E. (2012). Domestication of plants in the old world: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zurro, D., Risch, R., & Clemente-Conte, I. (2005). Analysis of an archaeological grinding tool: What to do with archaeological artefacts. In X. Terradas (Ed.), Lithic toolkits in ethoarchaeological contexts (pp. 57–64). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Maria Bofill, Hara Procopiou, and Roberto Risch for their comments on early drafts of the manuscript. Funding for this research was provided by the Fondation Fyssen (LD), the Trent University Archaeological Research Center (DS), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (LD and DS), and Lascarbx for the project “Tracéologie tridimensionnelle” (HP). IT acknowledges funding provided for this research by the Leverhulme Trust (IN-052) and the European Research Council (Starting Grants—283366). BS acknowledges The University of Queensland (UQ), School of Social Science, and In the Groove Analysis Pty Ltd (Brisbane, Australia).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laure Dubreuil .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dubreuil, L., Savage, D., Delgado-Raack, S., Plisson, H., Stephenson, B., de la Torre, I. (2015). Current Analytical Frameworks for Studies of Use–Wear on Ground Stone Tools. In: Marreiros, J., Gibaja Bao, J., Ferreira Bicho, N. (eds) Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics