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Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) of the JUICE Mission

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Abstract

Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) is a multi-purpose experimental technique aimed at enhancing the science return of planetary missions. The technique exploits the science payload and spacecraft service systems without requiring a dedicated onboard instrumentation or imposing on the existing instrumentation any special for PRIDE requirements. PRIDE is based on the near-field phase-referencing Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and evaluation of the Doppler shift of the radio signal transmitted by spacecraft by observing it with multiple Earth-based radio telescopes. The methodology of PRIDE has been developed initially at the Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE) for tracking the ESA’s Huygens Probe during its descent in the atmosphere of Titan in 2005. From that point on, the technique has been demonstrated for various planetary and other space science missions. The estimates of lateral position of the target spacecraft are done using the phase-referencing VLBI technique. Together with radial Doppler estimates, these observables can be used for a variety of applications, including improving the knowledge of the spacecraft state vector. The PRIDE measurements can be applied to a broad scope of research fields including studies of atmospheres through the use of radio occultations, the improvement of planetary and satellite ephemerides, as well as gravity field parameters and other geodetic properties of interest, and estimations of interplanetary plasma properties. This paper presents the implementation of PRIDE as a component of the ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission.

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Notes

  1. https://gitlab.com/gofrito/sctracker/, accessed on 2023.06.20.

  2. http://www.aips.nrao.edu/, accessed on 2023.06.20.

  3. https://casa.nrao.edu/, accessed on 2023.06.20.

  4. The conventional unit of flux density in radio astronomy is called jansky (Jy); \(1\text{ Jy }= 10^{-26}\text{ W}\,\text{m}^{-2}\text{ Hz}^{-1}\).

  5. http://astrogeo.org/rfc/, accessed on 2023.07.04.

  6. https://juicesoc.esac.esa.int/tm/?trajectory=CREMA_5_1_150lb_23_1//, accessed 2023.06.15.

  7. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/spice//, accessed on 2023.06.20.

  8. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/spice/about-webgeocalc, accessed on 2023.06.20.

  9. https://juicesoc.esac.esa.int/event_tool//, accessed on 2023.06.15.

  10. https://gitlab.com/gofrito/makekey, accessed 2023.07.04.

  11. pySCHED (https://github.com/jive-vlbi/sched) is built upon the NRAO SCHED (http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/software/sched/index.html), both accessed on 2023.07.04.

  12. https://spiftp.esac.esa.int/data/SPICE/JUICE/kernels/spk/, accessed 2023.07.04.

  13. https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/naif/EUROPACLIPPER/kernels/spk/, accessed 2023.07.04.

  14. Documentation: https://docs.tudat.space, Source code: https://github.com/tudat-team/, accessed 2023.07.04.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the reviewers and editors for very useful comments, corrections and suggestions. The observing examples shown in this paper for PRIDE-style tracking of various spacecraft are based on observations conducted with the European VLBI Network (EVN), the AuScope facility, and the Long Baseline Array (LBA), and Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The EVN is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. The AuScope involvement in the presented here observations was enabled by Geoscience Australia and the Australian Government via the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). The LBA is operated as a National Facility, and managed by CSIRO and the University of Tasmania. The VLBA is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities. We are grateful to the ESA personnel for supporting PRIDE observations of the Mars Express and BepiColombo missions. We gratefully acknowledge the VLBI database of the Astrogeo Center maintained by Leonid Petrov (NASA GSFC) and his comments on the contents of the current paper. We thank Chris Phillips (CASS) for supporting PRIDE test observations at the Mopra radio telescope. J.F., S.F., and K.P. acknowledge the ESA PRODEX support (project PEA 4000136207). M.S.F acknowledges partial funding by ESA’s OSIP (Open Space Innovation Platform) program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, Dwingeloo, 7991 PD, The Netherlands

    Leonid I. Gurvits, Giuseppe Cimò, Sergey V. Pogrebenko & N. Masdiana Md Said

  2. Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, Delft, 2629 HS, The Netherlands

    Leonid I. Gurvits, Dominic Dirkx, Vidhya Pallichadath, Stéphanie M. Cazaux, Marie S. Fayolle, Bert L. A. Vermeersen & Pieter N. A. M. Visser

  3. European Space Astronomy Centre, European Space Agency, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), 28692, Spain

    Nicolas Altobelli & Claire Vallat

  4. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, 91109, CA, USA

    Alexander Akins, Tatiana M. Bocanegra-Bahamon & Kuo-Nung Wang

  5. Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615, Pessac, France

    Patrick Charlot

  6. Weights & Biases Inc., 1479 Folsom St., San Francisco, 94103, CA, USA

    Dmitry A. Duev

  7. Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence, Konkoly Thege M. út 15-17, Budapest, H–1121, Hungary

    Judit Fogasy, Sándor Frey & Krisztina Perger

  8. IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, 75014, France

    Valery Lainey

  9. Physics discipline, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Tasmania, Australia

    Guifré Molera Calvés

  10. Institute of Planetary Research, Planetary Geodesy, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstr. 2, Berlin, 12489, Germany

    Konrad Willner

Authors
  1. Leonid I. Gurvits
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Contributions

Giuseppe Cimò, Dominic Dirkx, Vidhya Pallichadath, Alexander Akins, Nicolas Altobelli, Tatiana M. Bocanegra-Bahamon, Stéphanie M. Cazaux, Patrick Charlot, Dmitry A. Duev, Marie S. Fayolle, Judit Fogasy, Sándor Frey, Valery Lainey, Guifré Molera Calvés, Krisztina Perger, Sergey V. Pogrebenko, N. Masdiana Md Said, Claire Vallat, Bert L.A. Vermeersen, Pieter N.A.M. Visser, Kuo-Nung Wang, Konrad Willner contributed equally to this work.

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Correspondence to Leonid I. Gurvits.

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Gurvits, L.I., Cimò, G., Dirkx, D. et al. Planetary Radio Interferometry and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE) of the JUICE Mission. Space Sci Rev 219, 79 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-01026-1

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