Abstract
We report on the status of an ongoing effort to develop arrays of horn-coupled, polarization-sensitive microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) that are each sensitive to two spectral bands between 125 and 280 GHz. These multi-chroic MKID arrays are tailored for next-generation, large-detector-count experiments that are being designed to simultaneously characterize the polarization properties of both the cosmic microwave background and Galactic dust emission. We present our device design and describe laboratory-based measurement results from two 23-element prototype arrays. From dark measurements of our first engineering array, we demonstrated a multiplexing factor of 92, showed the resonators respond to bath temperature changes as expected, and found that the fabrication yield was 100%. From our first optically loaded array, we found the MKIDs respond to millimeter-wave pulses; additional optical characterization measurements are ongoing. We end by discussing our plans for scaling up this technology to kilo-pixel arrays over the next 2 years.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
If \(\nu > 2 \Delta /h \cong 74~\mathrm {GHz} \times (T_\mathrm{c}/1~\mathrm {K})\), the photons will break Cooper pairs. Here, \(\Delta \) is the superconducting gap, h is Planck’s constant, and \(T_\mathrm{c}\) is the superconducting transition temperature of the film.
References
D. Flanigan, Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Measuring the Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, 2018
B.R. Johnson, D. Flanigan, M.H. Abitbol, P.A.R. Ade, S. Bryan, H.-M. Cho, R. Datta, P. Day, S. Doyle, K. Irwin, G. Jones, S. Kernasovskiy, D. Li, P. Mauskopf, H. McCarrick, J. McMahon, A. Miller, G. Pisano, Y. Song, H. Surdi, C. Tucker, Polarization-sensitive multi-chroic MKIDs. Proc. SPIE 9914, 99140X (2016). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233243
P.K. Day, H.G. LeDuc, B.A. Mazin, A. Vayonakis, J. Zmuidzinas, A broadband superconducting detector suitable for use in large arrays. Nature 425, 817–821 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02037
M.H. Abitbol, Z. Ahmed, D. Barron, R. Basu Thakur, A.N. Bender, B.A. Benson, C.A. Bischoff, S.A. Bryan, J.E. Carlstrom, C.L. Chang, D.T. Chuss, K.T. Crowley, A. Cukierman, T. de Haan, M. Dobbs, T. Essinger-Hileman, J.P. Filippini, K. Ganga, J.E. Gudmundsson, N.W. Halverson, S. Hanany, S.W. Henderson, C.A. Hill, S.-P.P. Ho, J. Hubmayr, K. Irwin, O. Jeong, B.R. Johnson, S.A. Kernasovskiy, J.M. Kovac, A. Kusaka, A.T. Lee, S. Maria, P. Mauskopf, J.J. McMahon, L. Moncelsi, A.W. Nadolski, J.M. Nagy, M.D. Niemack, R.C. O’Brient, S. Padin, S.C. Parshley, C. Pryke, N.A. Roe, K. Rostem, J. Ruhl, S.M. Simon, S.T. Staggs, A. Suzuki, E.R. Switzer, O. Tajima, K.L. Thompson, P. Timbie, G.S. Tucker, J.D. Vieira, A.G. Vieregg, B. Westbrook, E.J. Wollack, K.W. Yoon, K.S. Young, E.Y. Young, CMB-S4 Technology Book, 1st edn. (2017). arXiv:1706.02464
K.N. Abazajian, P. Adshead, Z. Ahmed, S.W. Allen, D. Alonso, K.S. Arnold, C. Baccigalupi, J.G. Bartlett, N. Battaglia, B.A. Benson, C.A. Bischoff, J. Borrill, V. Buza, E. Calabrese, R. Caldwell, J.E. Carlstrom, C.L. Chang, T.M. Crawford, F.-Y. Cyr-Racine, F. De Bernardis, T. de Haan, S. di Serego Alighieri, J. Dunkley, C. Dvorkin, J. Errard, G. Fabbian, S. Feeney, S. Ferraro, J.P. Filippini, R. Flauger, G.M. Fuller, V. Gluscevic, D. Green, D. Grin, E. Grohs, J.W. Henning, J.C. Hill, R. Hlozek, G. Holder, W. Holzapfel, W. Hu, K.M. Huffenberger, R. Keskitalo, L. Knox, A. Kosowsky, J. Kovac, E.D. Kovetz, C.-L. Kuo, A. Kusaka, M. Le Jeune, A.T. Lee, M. Lilley, M. Loverde, M.S. Madhavacheril, A. Mantz, D.J.E. Marsh, J. McMahon, P.D. Meerburg, J. Meyers, A.D. Miller, J.B. Munoz, H.N. Nguyen, M.D. Niemack, M. Peloso, J. Peloton, L. Pogosian, C. Pryke, M. Raveri, C.L. Reichardt, G. Rocha, A. Rotti, E. Schaan, M.M. Schmittfull, D. Scott, N. Sehgal, S. Shandera, B.D. Sherwin, T.L. Smith, L. Sorbo, G.D. Starkman, K.T. Story, A. van Engelen, J.D. Vieira, S. Watson, N. Whitehorn, W.L. Kimmy Wu, CMB-S4 Science Book, 1st edn. (2016). arXiv:1610.02743
H. Surdi, Applications of Kinetic Inductance: Parametric Amplifier & Phase Shifter, 2DEG Coupled Co-planar Structures & Microstrip to Slotline Transition at RF Frequencies. Master’s thesis, Arizona State University, 2016
P. Kittara, J. Leech, G. Yassin, B.K. Tan, A. Jiralucksanawong, S. Wangsuya, High performance smooth-walled feed horns for focal plane arrays, in Ninteenth International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology, ed. by W. Wild, April 2008, p. 346
R. Datta, J. Austermann, J.A. Beall, D. Becker, K.P. Coughlin, S.M. Duff, P.A. Gallardo, E. Grace, M. Hasselfield, S.W. Henderson, G.C. Hilton, S.P. Ho, J. Hubmayr, B.J. Koopman, J.V. Lanen, D. Li, J. McMahon, C.D. Munson, F. Nati, M.D. Niemack, L. Page, C.G. Pappas, M. Salatino, B.L. Schmitt, A. Schillaci, S.M. Simon, S.T. Staggs, J.R. Stevens, E.M. Vavagiakis, J.T. Ward, E.J. Wollack, Design and deployment of a multichroic polarimeter array on the Atacama cosmology telescope. J. Low Temp. Phys. 184(3), 568–575 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-016-1553-5
R. Datta, The First Multichroic Receiver and Results from ACTPol. Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan (2016)
J. Gao, M. Daal, A. Vayonakis, S. Kumar, J. Zmuidzinas, B. Sadoulet, B.A. Mazin, P.K. Day, H.G. Leduc, Experimental evidence for a surface distribution of two-level systems in superconducting lithographed microwave resonators. App. Phys. Lett. 92(15), 152505 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2906373
J. Gao, M. Daal, J.M. Martinis, A. Vayonakis, J. Zmuidzinas, B. Sadoulet, B.A. Mazin, P.K. Day, H.G. Leduc, A semiempirical model for two-level system noise in superconducting microresonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(21), 212504 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2937855
R.M.J. Janssen, J.J.A. Baselmans, A. Endo, L. Ferrari, S.J.C. Yates, A.M. Baryshev, T.M. Klapwijk, Performance of hybrid NbTiN-Al microwave kinetic inductance detectors as direct detectors for sub-millimeter astronomy. Proc. SPIE 9153, 91530T (2014). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055537
S.J.C. Yates, J.J.A. Baselmans, A. Endo, R.M.J. Janssen, L. Ferrari, P. Diener, A. Baryshev, Photon noise limited radiation detection with lens-antenna coupled microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(7), 073505 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3624846
S.M. Duff, J. Austermann, J.A. Beall, D. Becker, R. Datta, P.A. Gallardo, S.W. Henderson, G.C. Hilton, S.P. Ho, J. Hubmayr, B.J. Koopman, D. Li, J. McMahon, F. Nati, M.D. Niemack, C.G. Pappas, M. Salatino, B.L. Schmitt, S.M. Simon, S.T. Staggs, J.R. Stevens, J. Van Lanen, E.M. Vavagiakis, J.T. Ward, E.J. Wollack, Advanced ACTPol multichroic polarimeter array fabrication process for 150 mm wafers. J. Low Temp. Phys. 184(3), 634–641 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-016-1576-y
J. Zmuidzinas, Superconducting microresonators: physics and applications. Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 3(1), 169–214 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-020911-125022
M.S. Khalil, M.J.A. Stoutimore, F.C. Wellstood, K.D. Osborn, An analysis method for asymmetric resonator transmission applied to superconducting devices. J. Appl. Phys. 111(5), 054510 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3692073
H. McCarrick, G. Jones, B.R. Johnson, M.H. Abitbol, P.A.R. Ade, S. Bryan, P. Day, T. Essinger-Hileman, D. Flanigan, H.G. Leduc, M. Limon, P. Mauskopf, A. Miller, C. Tucker, Design and performance of dual-polarization lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors for millimeter-wave polarimetry. A&A 610, A45 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732044
D. Flanigan, H. McCarrick, G. Jones, B.R. Johnson, M.H. Abitbol, P. Ade, D. Araujo, K. Bradford, R. Cantor, G. Che, P. Day, S. Doyle, C.B. Kjellstrand, H. Leduc, M. Limon, V. Luu, P. Mauskopf, A. Miller, T. Mroczkowski, C. Tucker, J. Zmuidzinas, Photon noise from chaotic and coherent millimeter-wave sources measured with horn-coupled, aluminum lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(8), 083504 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4942804
D. Li, J.E. Austermann, J.A. Beall, D.T. Becker, S.M. Duff, P.A. Gallardo, S.W. Henderson, G.C. Hilton, S.-P. Ho, J. Hubmayr, B.J. Koopman, J.J. McMahon, F. Nati, M.D. Niemack, C.G. Pappas, M. Salatino, B.L. Schmitt, S.M. Simon, S.T. Staggs, J. Lanen, J.T. Ward, E.J. Wollack, AlMn transition edge sensors for advanced ACTPol. J. Low Temp. Phys. 184(1), 66–73 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-016-1526-8
G. Jones, B.R. Johnson, M.H. Abitbol, P.A.R. Ade, S. Bryan, H.-M. Cho, P. Day, D. Flanigan, K.D. Irwin, D. Li, P. Mauskopf, H. McCarrick, A. Miller, Y.R. Song, C. Tucker, High quality factor manganese-doped aluminum lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors sensitive to frequencies below 100 GHz. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(22), 222601 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4984105
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by NSF Grants AST-1509211 and AST-1711160 for Johnson; AST-1509078 and AST-1711242 for Mauskopf; AST-1506074 and AST-1710624 for Irwin. McCarrick is supported by a NASA Earth and Space Sciences Fellowship. We thank the Xilinx University Program for donating the FPGA hardware and software tools that were used in the readout system.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Johnson, B.R., Flanigan, D., Abitbol, M.H. et al. Development of Multi-chroic MKIDs for Next-Generation CMB Polarization Studies. J Low Temp Phys 193, 103–112 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-018-2032-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-018-2032-y