The past decade has seen a veritable explosion in archaeological research on complex societies in Latin America. In 1993, Smith published an overview of research to that date; this article is one of two bringing that summary up to the present. Our first article, New World states and empires: Economic and social organization (Smith and Schreiber, 2005), dealt with issues regarding economic and social organization. The present article tackles political organization and dynamics, religion, urbanism, and settlement patterns. We also review recent research in the context of various theoretical perspectives, some traditional, some more contemporary, including approaches to history and process, cultural evolution, agency-based models, linguistic prehistory, migration theory, and the relationship between environmental change and cultural events. Our discussion blends empirical findings, methodological advances, and theoretical perspectives.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Nathan Craig, María Díaz Montejo, Marilyn Masson, and Hendrik Van Gijseghem for bibliographic help. We are grateful for the comments of Gary Feinman and five anonymous referees that helped improve the article considerably, and we also appreciate the positive contribution of Linda Nicholas's editing.
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Smith, M.E., Schreiber, K.J. New World States and Empires: Politics, Religion, and Urbanism. J Archaeol Res 14, 1–52 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-005-9000-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-005-9000-1