Skip to main content
Log in

Glycoprotein hormone isomorphism and assay discrepancy: The paradigm of luteinizing hormone (LH)

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Pierce J.G., Parsons T.F. Glycoprotein hormones: structures and function. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50: 465, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Conn P.M., McArdle A., Andrews W.V., Huckle W.R. The molecular basis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the pituitary gonadotrope. Biol. Reprod. 36: 17, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ying S.Y. Inhibins, activins and follistatins: gonadal proteins modulating the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone. Endocr. Rev. 9: 267, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gharib S.D., Wierman M.E., Shupnick MA, Chin W.W. Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins. Endocr. Rev. 11: 177, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Barbieri R.L. Clinical applications of GnRH and its analogues. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 3: 30, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Visser T.J. Regulation of the release of TSH. Frontiers of Hormone Res. 14: 100, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Vaitukaitis J.L. Glycoprotein hormones and their subunits: immunological and biological characterization. In: MacKerns W. (Ed.), Structure and function of gonadotropins. Plenum Press, New York, 1979, p. 339.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fiddes J.C., Goodman H.M. The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four glycoproteins. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1: 3, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Boorstein W.R., Vamvakopoulos N.C., Fiddes J.C. Human chorionic gonadotropin ß-subunit is encoded by at least eight genes arranged in tandem and inverted pairs. Nature 300: 419, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Talmadge K., Boorstein W.R., Fiddes J.C. The human genome contains seven genes for the ß-subunit of chorionic gonadotropin but only one gene for the ß-subunit of luteinizing hormone. DNA 2: 279, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Pierce S.G., Bahl O.P., Cornell S.S., Swaminathan N. Biologically active hormones prepared by combination of the alpha chain of hCG and the hormone specific chain of bovine thyrotropin or of bovine luteinizing hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 2321, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benkirane M.M., Bon D., Costagliola S., Paolucci F., Darbouret B., Prince P., Carayon P. Monoclonal antibody mapping of the antigenic surface of human thyrotropin and its subunits. Endocrinology 121: 1171, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Keutmann H.T, Williams R.M. Human chorionic gonadotropin: Amino acid sequence of the hormone-specific COOH-terminal region. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 5393, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Birken S., Canfield R.E. Isolation and amino acid sequence of COOH-terminal fragments from the ß subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 5386, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Green E.D, Baenziger J.U. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on lutropin, follitropin and thyrotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 36, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nilsson B., Rosen S.W.; Weintraub B.D., Zopf D.A. Differences in the carbohydrate moieties of the common alpha-subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyrotropin: premilary structural inferences from direct methylation analysis. Endocrinology 119: 2787, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Green E.D., Boime I., Baenziger J.U. Differential processing of Asn-linked oligosaccharides on pituitary glycoprotein hormones: implications for biologic function. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 72: 81, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kessler M.J., Reddy M.S., Shah R.H., Bahl O.P. Structure of N-glycosidic carbohydrate units of human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 7901, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kessler M.J., Reddy M.S., Shah R.H., Bahl O.P. Structure and location of the 0-glycosidic carbohydrate units of human chorionic gonadotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 7909, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kourides I.A., Hoffman B.J., Landon M.B. Difference in glycosylation between secreted and pituitary free α-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1372, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ward D.N., Bousfield G.R, Mar A.O. Chemical reduction-reoxidation of the glycoprotein hormone disulfide bonds. In: Bellet D., In Bidard (Ed.), Structure function relationship of gonadotropins. Serono Symposia Publications from Raven Press, 1989, vol 65, p.1.

  22. Green E.D., Baenziger J.U., Boime I. Cell-free sulfation of human and bovin pituitary hormones: comparison of the sulfated oligosaccharides of lutropin, follitropin and thyrotropin. J. Biol. Chem. 260: 15631, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hattori M., Osawa K., Wakabayashi K. Sialic acid moiety is responsible for the charge heterogeneity and the biological potency of rat lutropin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 127: 501, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dufau M.L., Mendelson C.R., Catt K.J. A highly sensitive in vitro bioassay for luteinizing hormone and chorionic gonadotropin: testosterone production by dispersed Leydig cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 610, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Verrier B., Fayet G., Lissitzky S. Thyrotropin-binding properties of isolated thyroid cells and their purified plasma membranes. Eur. J. Biochem. 42: 355, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sutherland E.W., Robirison G.A., Butcher R.W. Some aspects of the biological role of adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate. Circulation 37: 279, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Berridge M.J. Inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol: two interacting second messengers. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56: 159, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Keel B.A., Grotjean E.H. Characterization of rat luteotropin charge micro-heterogeneity using chromatofocusing. Anal. Biochem. 142: 267, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wide L. Median charge and charge heterogeneity of human pituitary FSH, LH and TSH. I. Zone electrophoresis in agarose suspension. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 109: 181, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ulloa-Aguirre A., Mejia J.J., Dominguez R., Guevara-Aguirre J., Diaz-Sanchez V., Larrea F. Microheterogeneity of anterior pituitary FSH in the male rat: isoelectric focusing pattern throughout sexual maturation. J. Endocrinol. 110: 539, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Strollo F., Harlin J., Hernandez-Montes H., Robertson D.M., Zaidi A.A., Diczfalusy E. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the isoelectrofocusing profile of biologically active lutropin in the blood of normally menstruating and post-menauposal women. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 97: 166, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wide L. Male and female forms of human follicle-stimulating hormone in serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 682, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Suginami H.Y., Yano M., Hamada K., Ito T., Yano K., Matsuura S. Qualitative and quantitative differences in hLH species in the first and second LH release induced by continuous stimulation with synthetic LHRH in normal menstrual cycle as assessed by isoelectrofocusing. Endocrinol. Jpn. 32: 583, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nwokoro N., Chen H., Chrambach S. Physical, biological and immunological characterization of highly purified urinary human chorionic gonadotropin components separated by gel electrofocusing. Endocrinology 98: 291, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Harling J., Khan S.A., Diczfalusy E. Molecular composition of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in commercial gonadotropin preparations. Fertil. Steril. 46: 1055, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sergi I., Papandreou M.J., Medri G., Canonne C., Verrier B., Ronin C. Immunoreactive and bioactive isoforms of human thyrotropin. Endocrinology 128: 3259, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Courte C., Willemot J. Heterogeneity of porcine pituitary luteinizing hormone subunits (LHα and LHß) in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride agarose gei chromatography. J. Biochem. Chem. 247, 13: 4429, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bidart J.M., Puisieux A., Troalen F., Foglietti M.J., Bohuon C., Bellet D. Characterization of a cleavage product in the human choriogonadotropin ß-subunit. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154: 626, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bousfield G.R, Ward D.N. Selective proteolysis of ovine lutropin or its ß-subunit by endoproteinase Arg-C. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 12602, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Justisz M., Counis R. Biosynthesis of gonadotropins and its regulation. In: Flamigni C., Givens J.R. (Eds.), Serono Symposium no42. Acad Press Londres, 1982, p 43.

  41. Wood W.M., Gordon D.F., Ridgway E.C. Expression of the beta-subunit gene of murine thyrotropin results in multiple messenger ribonucleic acid species which are generated by alternative exon splicing. Mol. Endocrinol. 1: 875, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jameson J.L., Becker C.B., Lindell C.M., Habener J.F. Human FSH beta-subunit gene encodes multiple messenger ribonucleic acids. Mol. Endocrinol. 2: 806, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Jameson L., Chin W.W., Hollenberg A., Chang A.S., Habener J.F. The gene encoding the beta-subunit of rat luteinizing hormone; analysis of gene structure and evolution of nucleotide sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 15474, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chin W.W., Maloof F., Habener J.F. Thyroid-stimulating hormone biosynthesis, cellular processing, assembly and release of subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 3059, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hubbard S.C., Ivatt R.J. Synthesis and processing of Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50: 555, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weintraub B.D., Stannard B.S., Magner J.A., Ronin C., Taylor T., Joshi L., Constant R.B., Menezes-Ferreira M., Petrick P., Gesundheit N. Glycosylation and post-translational processing of thyroid stimulating hormone: clinical implications. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 41: 577, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu T., Jackson G.L. Modification of luteinizing hormone biosynthesis and release by gonadotropin-releasing hormone, cyclo-heximide and actinomycin D. Endocrinology 103: 1253, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chappel S. Editorial: Biological to immunological ratios: Reevaluation of a concept. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 1494, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jaakkola T. The ratios of serum bioactive/immunoreactive luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in various clinical conditions with increased and decreased gonadotropin secretion: reevaluation by a highly sensitive immunometric assay. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 1496, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Haavisto A.M., Dunkell L., Pettersson K., Huhtaniemi I. LH measurement by in vitro bioassay and a highly sensitive immunofluorometric assay improve the distinction between boys with constitutional delay of puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Pediatr. Res. 27–3: 211, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Reichert L.E. Electrophoretic properties of pituitary gonadotropins as studied by electrofocusing. Endocrinology 88: 1029, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Wakabayashi K. Heterogeneity of rat luteinizing hormone revealed by radioimmunoassay and electrofocusing studies. Endocrinol. Jpn 24: 473, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Manberg R.J. Isoelectrofocusing profiles of human urinary LH and FSH. Fertil. Steril. 48: 342, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Van Ginkel L.A., Loeber J.G. Heterogeneity of human luteinizing hormone. Discrimination between acidic and basic preparations. Acta Endocrinol. 121: 73, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Shimohigashi Y., Chen H.C. Carbohydrate structures in the beta subunit of hCG play a dominant role in hormonal activity. FEBS Lett. 150: 64, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kalyan N.K., Bahl O.P. Role of carbohydrate in hCG. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 67, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Manjunath P., Sairam M.R., Schiller P.W. Chemical deglycosylation of ovine pituitary lutropin. Biochem. J. 207: 11, 1982.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kaklyan N.K., Bahl O.P. Effect of deglycosylation on the subunit interactions and receptor binding activity of hCG. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 102: 1246, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Jeevanram R., Blithe D., Liu L., Wehmann R., Nisula B. Superfluity in the adenylate cyclase signal transduction system for glycoprotein hormones. In: Chin W.W., Boime I. (Eds.) Glycoprotein Hormones. Serono Symposium USA, Norwell, 1990, p. 395.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pettersson K.S.I., Söderholm J.R.M. Individual differences in lutropin immunoreactivity revealed by monoclonal antibodies. Clin. Chem. 37: 333, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Roger M. L’exploration des fonctions gonadotropes hypophysaires. Revue Française des Laboratoires 29: 97, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Pettersson K., Ying Quing D., Huhtaniemi J. An immunologically anomalous luteinizing hormone variant in a healthy woman. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 17, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sairam M.R., Linggen J., Bhargavi G.N. Alterations in antigenic structure of gonadotropins following deglycosylation. Biosci. Rep. 8: 271, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Demers L.M. Monoclonal antibodies to lutropin: are our immunoassays too specific? Clin. Chem. 37: 311, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Vermes I., Bonte HA., Sluijs Veer G., Schoemaker J. Interpretations of five monoclonal immunoassays of lutropin and follitropin: Effects of normalization with WHO standards. Clin. Chem. 37: 415, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Garrett P.E. The enigma of standardization for LH and FSH assays. J. Clin. Immunoassay 12: 18, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Pettersson K., Ding Y.Q., Huhtaniemi I. Monoclonal antibody based discrepancies between two-site immunometric tests for lutropin. Clin. Chem. 37: 1745, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Costagliola S., Niccoli P., Florentino M., Carayon P. European collaborative study of LH assay: 1.: epitope specificity of LH monoclonal antibodies and surface mapping of pituitary and urinary LH. Submitted for publication: J. Endocrinol. Invest., 1994

  69. Costagliola S., Niccoli P., Florentino M., Carayon P. European collaborative study of LH assay: 2.: Discrepancy among assay kits is related to variation both in standard curve calibration and epitope specificity of kit monoclonal antibodies. Submitted for publication: J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1994.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Costagliola, S., Carayon, P. & Carayon, P. Glycoprotein hormone isomorphism and assay discrepancy: The paradigm of luteinizing hormone (LH). J Endocrinol Invest 17, 291–299 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348981

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03348981

En]Keywords

Navigation