Guidelines to drawing ecologically sound boundaries for national parks and nature reserves

• Ambrose, J. P. 1987. Dynamics of ecological boundary phenomena along the borders of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. US National Parks Service Cooperative Studies Unit, Technical Report 34. University of Georgia, Athens.

  Google Scholar 

• Balser, D., A. Bielak, G. deBoer, T. Tobias, G. Adindu, and R. S. Dorney. 1981. Nature reserve designation in a cultural landscape, incorporating island biogeography theory.Landscape Planning 8:329–347.

  Google Scholar 

• Bastedo, B. H. 1986. Aishihik Lake resource survey, cultural aspects. Yukon Environmentally Significant Areas Series Number 4. President's Committee on Northern Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Google Scholar 

• Bastedo, J. D., and J. B. Theberge. 1986. Aishihik Lake resources survey, biotic aspects. Yukon Environmentally Significant Areas Series Number 3. President's Committee on Northern Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Google Scholar 

• Beals, E. 1960. Forest bird communities in the Apostle Islands of Wisconsin.Wilson Bulletin 73:156–181.

  Google Scholar 

• Borman, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1969. The watershed-ecosystem concept and studies of nutrient cycles. Pages 49–76in G. M. VanDyne (ed.), The ecosystem concept in natural resource management. Academic Press, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Cain, S. A. 1968. Natural area preservation: National urgency.Bioscience 18:399–401.

  Google Scholar 

• Connell, J. H., and E. Orias. 1964. The ecological regulation of species diversity.American Naturalist 98:399–413.

  Google Scholar 

• Cooke, R. U., and J. C. Doornkemp. 1974. Geomorphology in environmental management, an introduction. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

  Google Scholar 

• Cowan, I. McT. 1966. Management, response and variety. Pages 55–65in F. F. Darling and J. P. Milton (eds.), Future environments of North America. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.

  Google Scholar 

• Chorley, R. J. 1969. The drainage basin as the fundamental geomorphic unit. Pages 37–59in R. J. Chorley (ed.), Introduction to physical hydrology. Methuen, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Diamond, J. M. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographical studies for the design of nature reserves.Biological Conservation 7:129–146.

  Google Scholar 

• Dunne, T., and L. B. Leopold. 1978. Water in environmental planning. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

  Google Scholar 

• Franklin, R. I. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. Pages 135–149in M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

  Google Scholar 

• Fuller, W. A. 1968. National parks and nature preservation. Pages 284–309in J. G. Nelson (ed.), Canada's parks in perspective. Harvest House, Montreal.

  Google Scholar 

• Gauthier, D. A. 1984. Population limitation in the Burwash caribou herd, Southwest Yukon. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Google Scholar 

• Gauthier, D. A., and J. B. Theberge. 1985. Population characteristics of the Burwash caribou herd in the southwest Yukon estimated by capture-recapture analysis.Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:516–523.

  Google Scholar 

• Gore, N. 1975. The role of national parks and reserves in economic development. Pages 101–110in Anonymous, The uses of ecological guidelines for development in tropical forest areas of southeast Asia. IUCN Publication New Series No. 32, Morges, Switzerland.

  Google Scholar 

• Gregory, K. T., and D. W. Walling. 1973. Drainage basin form and process: A geomorphological approach. Edward Arnold, London.

  Google Scholar 

• Grigoriew, P., J. B. Theberge, and J. G. Nelson, 1985. Manual of park boundary delineation: The ABC approach. Occasional paper series 4. Heritage Resources Publication Series. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Google Scholar 

• Harris, L. D. 1984. The fragmented forest: Island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

  Google Scholar 

• IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). 1980. World conservation strategy. Morges, Switzerland.

  Google Scholar 

• Janzen, D. H. 1986. The eternal external threat. Pages 286–303in M. E. Soule (ed.), Conservation biology, the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland Massachusetts.

  Google Scholar 

• Keith, L. B. 1974. Population dynamics of mammals.International Congress of Game Biologists 11:17–57.

  Google Scholar 

• Kendeigh, S. C. 1948. Bird populations and biotic communities in northern lower Michigan.Ecology 29:101–114.

  Google Scholar 

• Kushlan, J. A. 1979. Design and management of continental wildlife reserves: Lessons from the Everglades.Biological Conservation 15:281–290.

  Google Scholar 

• Lieff, B. C. 1985. Biosphere reserve designation: its applicability to Canadian national parks: The Waterton Lakes Pilot Project.Environments 17:39–45.

  Google Scholar 

• Margules, C., and M. B. Usher, 1981. Criteria used in assessing wildlife conservation potential: A review.Biological Conservation 4:79–109.

  Google Scholar 

• McLean, R. F. 1967. The drainage basin as a funcitonal region. Pages 77–86in W. B. Johnson (ed.), Dynamic relationships in physical geography. University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

  Google Scholar 

• Miller, R. I., and P. S. White. 1986. Considerations for preserve design based on the distribution of rare plants in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.Environmental Management 10:119–124.

  Google Scholar 

• Miller, R. I., and S. P. Bratton. 1987. A regional strategy for reserve design and placement based on an analysis of rare and endangered species' distribution patterns.Biological Conservation 39:255–268.

  Google Scholar 

• Pianka, E. 1970. On r- and K-selection.American Naturalist 104:592–597.

  Google Scholar 

• Pimlott, D. H. 1967. Wolf predation and ungulate populations.American Zoologist 7:267–278.

  Google Scholar 

• Preston, F. W. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity, part II.Ecology 43:410–432.

  Google Scholar 

• Sauchyn, E. 1986. Aishihik Lake resource survey, abiotic aspects. Yukon Environmentally Significant Areas Series Number 2. President's Committee on Northern Studies. University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

  Google Scholar 

• Sheard, J. W., and D. A. Blood. 1973. The role of national parks in Canada and criteria for their management.Canadian Field-Naturalist 87:211–224.

  Google Scholar 

• Smith, P. G. R., and J. B. Theberge. 1986. A review of criteria for evaluating natural areas.Environmental Management 10:715–734.

  Google Scholar 

• Smith, P. G. R., and J. B. Theberge. 1987. Evaluating natural areas using multiple criteria: Theory and practice.Environmental Management 11:447–460.

  Google Scholar 

• Soule, M. E. 1980. Thresholds for survival: Maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential. Pages 151–169in M. E. Soule and B. A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

  Google Scholar 

• Stearns, S. C. 1977. The evolution of life history traits: A critique of the theory and a review of the data.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8:147–171.

  Google Scholar 

• Sullivan, A. L., and M. L. Shaffer. 1975. Biogeography of the megazoo.Science 189:13–17.

  Google Scholar 

• Terborgh, J. 1974. Island biogeography and conservation: Strategy and limitations.Science 193:1029–1030.

  Google Scholar 

• Theberge, J. B. 1976a. Ecological planning in national parks. Pages 194–216in G. R. McBoyle and E. Sommerville (eds.), Canada's natural environment, essays in applied geography. Methuen, Toronot.

  Google Scholar 

• Theberge, J. B. 1976b. Bird populations in the Kluane Mountains, southwest Yukon, with special reference to vegetation and fire.Canadian Journal of Zoology 54:1348–1356.

  Google Scholar 

• Theberge, J. B., and D. A. Gauthier. 1985. Models of wolfungulate relationships: When is wolf control justified?Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:449–458.

  Google Scholar 

• Van Leuuwen, C. G. 1966. A relation theoretical approach to pattern and process in vegetation.Wentia 15:25–46.

  Google Scholar 

• Watt, K. E. F. 1968. Ecology and resource management, a quantitative approach. McGraw Hill, Toronto.

  Google Scholar 

• Whittaker, R. H. 1970. Communities and ecosystems. Macmillan, Toronto.

  Google Scholar 

• Zammuto, R. M., and J. S. Millar. 1985. Environmental predictability, variability, and ground squirrel life history over an elevational gradient.Ecology 66:1784–1794.

  Google Scholar 

Download references