Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Burnout in Athletes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Psychologie ((SRP))

Abstract

Although most athletes do from time to time experience symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion, they are probably never near more maladaptive states such as burnout. Being physically tired after a long training camp or feeling drained after a long season is normal for competitive athletes. After short recovery periods, the motivation for more training and new competitions quickly returns. However, a small number of athletes (1–2%) will experience a more serious and chronic state of exhaustion that eventually can lead to a total withdrawal from sport indicative of burnout. Among these are often the most ambitious and talented athletes which is problematic for talent development programs and a potential tragedy for the athlete (Gustafsson, Kenttä, Hassmén, and Lundqvist 2007). In this chapter we will give an overview of the athlete burnout literature. This includes a critical stance towards our current knowledge and how future research can increase our understanding of athlete burnout. Finally, we aim to present examples of how theory can inform practice, and we will make suggestions for prevention and treatment in order to help talented athletes avoid burnout symptoms and more severe forms of training maladaptation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adie, J. W., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2012). Perceived coach-autonomy support, basic need satisfaction and the well-and ill-being of elite youth soccer players: A longitudinal investigation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alarcon, G., Eschleman, K. J., & Bowling, N. A. (2009). Relationships between personality variables and burnout: A meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 23, 244–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, P. R., & Hill, A. P. (2012). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating role of motivation regulations. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6, 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appleton, P. R., Hall, H. K., & Hill, A. P. (2009). Relations between multidimensional perfectionism and burnout in junior-elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 457–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blonk, R. W., Brenninkmeijer, V., Lagerveld, S. E., & Houtman, I. L. (2006). Return to work: A comparison of two cognitive behavioural interventions in cases of work-related psychological complaints among the self-employed. Work & Stress, 20, 129–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budgett, R., Newsholme, E., Lehmann, M., Sharp, C., Jones, D., Peto, T., Collins, D., Nerurkar, R., & White, P. (2000). Redefining the overtraining syndrome as the unexplained underperformance syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, 67–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L. H., Kee, Y. H., & Tsai, Y.-M. (2009). An examination of the dual model of perfectionism and adolescent athlete burnout: A short-term longitudinal research. Social Indicators Research, 91, 189–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, P. J. (1990). An exploratory study on sources of stress and athlete burnout in youth golf. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coakley, J. (1992). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or a social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 558–577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2005a). Motivation and burnout among top amateur rugby players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 469–477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2005b). Changes in athlete burnout and motivation during a 12-week league tournament. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 1957–1966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2006a). The nature of player burnout in rugby: Key characteristics and attributions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 219–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2006b). The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: A multi trait/multi-method analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24, 209–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, S. L., & Eklund, R. C. (2006c). Changes in athlete burnout over a thirty-week “rugby year”. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 9, 125–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFreese, J. D., Smith, A. L., & Raedeke, T. D. (2015). Individual and organizational solutions to athlete burnout. In J. M. Williams & V. Krane (Eds.), Applied sport psychology (P. 444–461). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & Green-Demers, I. (2001). The Ottawa mental skills assessment tool (OMSAT-3). The Sport Psychologist, 15, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eades, A. (1990). An investigation of burnout in intercollegiate athletes: The development of the Eades athlete burnout inventory. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, S. J., van Noort, E., Chee, A., Kane, R. T., Hoiles, K. J., Shafran, R., & Wade, T. D. (2014). A randomised controlled trial of face to face versus pure online self-help cognitive behavioural treatment for perfectionism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63, 107–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, R. C., & Cresswell, S. L. (2007). Athlete burnout. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (P. 621–641). New York: Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Expressen (2016). http://www.expressen.se/sport/alexandra-engen-kunde-inte-saga-nej/.

  • Feigely, D. A. (1984). Psychological burnout in high-level athletes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 12, 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fender, L. (1989). Athlete burnout: Potential for research and intervention strategies. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaxman, P. E., & Bond, F. W. (2010). Worksite stress management training: Moderated effects and clinical significance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15, 347–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism and maladjustment: An overview of theoretical, definitional, and treatment issues. In P. L. Hewitt & G. L. Flett (Eds.), Perfectionism (P. 5–31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2006). Positive versus negative perfectionism in psychopathology: A comment on Slade and Owen’s dual process model. Behavior Modification, 30, 472–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberger, H. J., & Richelson, G. (1980). Burn-out: The high cost of high achievement. New York: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., & Keast, D. (1991). Overtraining in athletes – An update. Sports Medicine, 12, 32–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodger, K., Gorely, T., Lavallee, D., & Harwood, C. (2007). Burnout in sport: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 127–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, M. J., & Schorling, J. B. (2012). A mindfulness course decreases burnout and improves well-being among healthcare providers. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43, 119–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1996a). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: II. A qualitative analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 341–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D., Udry, E., Tuffey, S., & Loehr, J. (1996b). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: I. A quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 322–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D., Tuffey, S., Udry, E., & Loehr, J. (1997). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: III. Individual differences in the burnout experience. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 256–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., Hassmén, P., & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in adolescent competitive athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Hassmén, P., Kenttä, G., & Johansson, M. (2008). A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 800–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Hassmén, P., & Podlog, L. (2010). Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences, 28, 1495–1504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (2011). Athlete burnout: An integrated model and future directions. International Review in Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., & Skoog, T. (2012). The mediational role of stress in the relationship between optimism and burnout in competitive athletes. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25, 183–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Podlog, L., & Wagnsson, S. (2013). Hope and athlete burnout: The mediating role of stress and affect. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 640–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Hancock, D. J., & Côté, J. (2014). Describing citation structures in sport burnout literature: A citation network analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 620–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Davis, P., Skoog, T., Kenttä, G., & Harberl, P. (2015). Mindfulness and its relationship with perceived stress, affect, and burnout in elite junior athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 263–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Lundkvist, E., Podlog, L., & Lundqvist, C. (2016). Conceptual confusion and potential advances in athlete burnout research. Perception and Motor Skills, 123(3), 784–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackfort, D., & Huang, Z. (2005). Considerations for research on career counseling and career transitions. In D. Hackfort, J. L. Duda & R. Lidor (Eds.), Handbook of research in applied sport and exercise psychology: International perspectives (P. 245–255). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hägg, G. (1952). Gunder Häggs dagbok, en världsmästares erfarenheter och träningsråd [Gunder Hägg’s diary, a world chapmpion’s experiences and training advice]. Stockholm: Tryckeriaktiebolaget Tiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanton, S., Fletcher, D., & Coughlan, G. (2005). Stress in elite sport performers: A comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors. Journal of Sport Sciences, 23, 1129–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlick, M., & McKenzie, A. (2000). Burnout in junior tennis: A research report. New Zealand Journal of Sport Medicine, 28, 36–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639–665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., Bissett, R., Roget, N., Padilla, M., Kohlenberg, B. S., Fischer, G., … Nicolis, R. (2004). The impact of acceptance and commitment training and multicultural training on the stigmatizing attitudes and professional burnout of substance abuse counselors. Behavior Therapy, 35, 821–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 269–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 630–644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Appleton, P. R. (2010a). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating influence of coping tendencies. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23, 415–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Murray, J. J. (2010b). Perfectionism and burnout in canoe polo and slalom athletes: The mediating influence of validation and growth-seeking. The Sport Psychologist, 24, 16–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A., MacNamara, Á., & Collins, D. (2015). Psycho-behaviourally based features of effective talent development in Rugby Union: A coach’s perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 29, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Ng, J. Y. (2008). Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic psychological needs fulfillment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 835–844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J., Gagné, M., Morin, A. J. S., & Van Den Broeck, A. (2016). Motivation profiles at work: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95, 74–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouper, J., & Gustafsson, H. (2013). Mindful recovery: A case study of a burned-out elite shooter. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 92–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Curran, T. (2013). Perfectionism and junior athlete burnout: The mediating role of autonomous and controlled motivation. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2, 48–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Curran, T. (2016). Perfectionism, burnout and engagement in youth sport: The mediating role of basic psychological needs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24, 18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1983). Love and commitment. In H. H. Kelley, E. Berscheid, A. Christensen, J. H. Harvey, T. L. Huston, G. Levinger, E. McClintock, L. A. Peplau, & D. R. Peterson (Eds.), Close relationships (P. 265–311). New York: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellmann, M. (2002). Underrecovery and overtraining: Different concepts-similar impact? In M. Kellmann (Eds.), Enhancing recovery: Preventing underperformance in athletes (P. 3–24). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenttä, G., & Hassmén, P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery – A conceptual model. Sports Medicine, 26, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kjørmo, O., & Halvari, H. (2002). Relation of burnout with lack of being with significant others, role conflict, cohesion, and self-confidence among Norwegian Olympic athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 795–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreider, R. B., Fry, R. W., & O’Toole, M. L. (Eds.). (1998). Overtraining in sport: Terms, definitions, and prevalence. Overtraining in sport (P. vii–ix). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen burnout inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19, 192–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagerveld, S. E., Blonk, R. W., Brenninkmeijer, V., Wijngaards-de Meij, L., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Work-focused treatment of common mental disorders and return to work: A comparative outcome study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17, 220–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1990). On the meaning of Maslach’s three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 743–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, M., Foster, C., Gastmann, U., Keizer, H., & Steinacker, J. M. (1999). Definitions, types, symptoms, findings, underlying mechanisms, and frequency of overtraining and overtraining syndrome. In M. Lehmann, C. Foster, U, Gastmann, H. Keizer, & J.M. Steinacker (Eds.), Overload, performance incompetence, and regeneration in sport (S. 1–6). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemyre, P.-N., Treasure, D. C., & Roberts, G. C. (2006). Influence of variability in motivation and affect on elite athlete burnout susceptibility. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28, 32–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemyre, P.-N., Roberts, G. C., & Stray-Gundersen, J. (2007). Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determination predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes? European Journal of Sport Science, 7, 115–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemyre, P. N., Hall, H. K., & Roberts, G. C. (2008). A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18, 221–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Wang, C. J., & Kee, Y. H. (2013). Burnout and its relations with basic psychological needs and motivation among athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 692–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, C., & Hodge, K. (2011). Temporal ordering of motivational quality and athlete burnout in elite sport. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43, 913–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren-Nilsson, Å., Jonsdottir, I. H., Pallant, J., & Ahlborg, G. (2012). Internal construct validity of the Shirom-Melamed burnout questionnaire (SMBQ). BMC Public Health, 12. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1.

  • Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2015). Perfectionism and burnout in junior athletes: A three-month longitudinal study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37, 305–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2016). Motivation mediates the perfectionism burnout relationship: A three-wave longitudinal study with junior athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38, 341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinent, G., Louvet, B., & Decret, J. C. (2016). Longitudinal trajectories of athlete burnout among young table tennis players: A 3-wave study. Journal of Sport and Health Science. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.09.003.

  • Maslach, C. (1982). The cost of caring. London: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 7, 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2, 99–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory. Manual (3. Aufl.). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., …, Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European college of sport science and the American college of sports medicine. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45, 186–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 327–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O’Connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 21, 107–114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noblet, A. J., & Gifford, S. M. (2002). The sources of stress experienced by professional Australian footballers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Toole, M. L. (1998). Overreaching and overtraining in endurance athletes. In R. B. Kreider, A. C. Fry & O’Toole (Eds.), Overtraining in sport (P. 3–17). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pensgaard, A. M., & Ursin, H. (1998). Stress, control, and coping in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 8, 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pines, A. M. (1993). Burnout: An existentialistic perspective. In W. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Professional burnout: Developments in theory and research (P. 33–52). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleva, J., & Wade, T. D. (2007). Guided self-help versus pure self-help for perfectionism: A randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 849–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than stress? A commitment perspective. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23, 281–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2004). Coping resources and athlete burnout: An examination of stress mediated and moderation hypotheses. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 525–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2009). The athlete burnout questionnaire manual. Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raglin, J. S. (1993). Overtraining and staleness: Psychometric monitoring of endurance athletes. In R. B. Singer, B. Murphey & L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of research in sport psychology (P. 849–850). New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raglin, J. S., & Wilson, G. S. (2000). Overtraining in athletes. In Y. Hanin (Eds.), Emotions in sport (P. 191–207). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelofs, J., Verbraak, M., Keijsers, G. P., De Bruin, M. B., & Schmidt, A. J. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the Maslach burnout inventory general survey (MBI‐DV) in individuals with and without clinical burnout. Stress and Health, 21, 17–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotella, R. J., Hanson, T., & Coop, R. H. (1991). Burnout in youth sports. Elementary School Journal, 91, 421–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowbottom, D. G. (2000). Periodization of training. In W. E. Garret Jr. & D. T. Kirkendall (Eds.), Exercise and sport science (P. 499–512). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, T. W. (1986). Exercise fatigue in adolescents: Diagnosis of athlete burnout. Physician and Sports Medicine, 14, 69–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2007). Active human nature: Self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In M. Hagger & N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (P. 1–20). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, T. K., Stein, G. L., & Ravizza, K. (1991). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters-part 3: Sources of stress. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 103–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, T. K., Carpenter, P. J., Schmidt, G. W., Simons, J. P., & Keeler, B. (1993). An introduction to the Sport Commitment Model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2003). Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing. In M. J. Schabracq, J. A. M. Winnubst & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The handbook of work and health psychology (P. 383–425). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study research and practice: A critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, G. W., & Stein, G. L. (1991). Sport commitment: A model integrating enjoyment, dropout and burnout. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 254–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirom, A. (2005). Reflections on the study of burnout. Work & Stress, 19, 263–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirom, A., & Melamed, S. (2006). A comparison of the construct validity of two burnout measures in two groups of professionals. International Journal of Stress Management, 13, 176–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, J. M. (1990). An analysis of the training stress syndrome in competitive athletics. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2, 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 36–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. J. (2003). A framework for understanding the process leading to elite performance. Sports Medicine, 33, 1130–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. L., Gustafsson, H., & Hassmén, P. (2010). Peer motivational climate and burnout perceptions of intensively sport involved adolescents. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 11, 453–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stambulova, N. (2009). Talent development in sport: A career transitions perspective. In E. Tsung-Min Hung, R. Lidor & D. Hackfort (Eds.), Psychology of sport excellence (P. 63–74). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Damian, L. E. (2016). Perfectionism in employees: Work engagement, workaholism, and burnout. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (P. 265–283). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Janssen, D. P. (2011). Perfectionism and coping with daily failures: Positive reframing helps achieve satisfaction at the end of the day. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 477–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Madigan, D. J. (2016). Measuring perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise: Review, critique, recommendations. In A. P. Hill (Eds.), The psychology of perfectionism in sport, dance and exercise (P. 31–56). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 295–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., Ogilvie, B., & Lavalle, D. (2006). Career transition among athletes: Is there a life after sports? In J. M. Williams (Eds.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (P. 595–615). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-78.

  • Vealey, R. S., Armstrong, L., Comar, W., & Greenleaf, C. (1998). Influence of perceived coaching behaviors on burnout and competitive anxiety in female college athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, 297–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health, Science and Technology, Karlstad University, Universitetsgatan 2, 65188, Karlstad, Sweden

    Henrik Gustafsson

  2. School of Sport, York St John University, Lord Mayor’s Walk, YO31 7EX, York, UK

    Daniel J. Madigan

  3. Department of Child and Youth Studies, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    Erik Lundkvist

  4. Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, KY16 9AL, St Andrews, UK

    Erik Lundkvist

Authors
  1. Henrik Gustafsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel J. Madigan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erik Lundkvist
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henrik Gustafsson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universität Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br., Germany

    Reinhard Fuchs

  2. Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Markus Gerber

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gustafsson, H., Madigan, D.J., Lundkvist, E. (2018). Burnout in Athletes. In: Fuchs, R., Gerber, M. (eds) Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Springer Reference Psychologie . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49322-9_24

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49321-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49322-9

  • eBook Packages: Psychology (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation