Skip to main content

Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Infection Prevention Considerations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Infection Prevention

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a common iatrogenic complication of modern healthcare. Gram-negative organisms pose the biggest challenge to healthcare today, predominantly due to lack of effective therapeutic options. Containing the spread of these organisms is challenging, and in reality, the application of multiple control measures during an evolving outbreak or while high endemic rates are recorded, makes it difficult to measure the relative impact of each measure. This chapter will review the utility of various infection control measures in containing the spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Marchaim D, Zaidenstein R, Lazarovitch T, Karpuch Y, Ziv T, Weinberger M. Epidemiology of bacteremia episodes in a single center: increase in Gram-negative isolates, antibiotics resistance, and patient age. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;27(11):1045–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sakr Y, Moreira CL, Rhodes A, Ferguson ND, Kleinpell R, Pickkers P, et al. The impact of hospital and ICU organizational factors on outcome in critically ill patients: results from the extended prevalence of infection in intensive care study. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):519–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf. 2013.

  4. Marchaim D, Gottesman T, Schwartz O, Korem M, Maor Y, Rahav G, et al. National multicenter study of predictors and outcomes of bacteremia upon hospital admission caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(12):5099–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Adler A, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The continuing plague of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2016;30(2):347–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Rice LB, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(8):1079–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Peterson LR. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESCAPE revisited. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):992–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Peleg AY, Hooper DC. Hospital-acquired infections due to Gram-negative bacteria. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(19):1804–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302(21):2323–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tal-Jasper R, Katz DE, Amrami N, Ravid D, Avivi D, Zaidenstein R, et al. Clinical and epidemiological significance of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3127–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Dancer SJ, De Angelis G, Falcone M, Frank U, et al. ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 1):1–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Richter SS, Brown SA, Mott MA. The impact of social support and self-esteem on adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. J Subst Abus. 1991;3(4):371–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tal Jasper R, Coyle JR, Katz DE, Marchaim D. The complex epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(5):819–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Harris AD, McGregor JC, Furuno JP. What infection control interventions should be undertaken to control multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(Suppl 2):S57–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Harris AD, Perencevich EN, Johnson JK, Paterson DL, Morris JG, Strauss SM, et al. Patient-to-patient transmission is important in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae acquisition. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(10):1347–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Harris AD, Kotetishvili M, Shurland S, Johnson JA, Morris JG, Nemoy LL, et al. How important is patient-to-patient transmission in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli acquisition. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(2):97–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Harris AD. How important is the environment in the emergence of nosocomial antimicrobial-resistant bacteria? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(5):686–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Barnes SL, Morgan DJ, Harris AD, Carling PC, Thom KA. Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(9):1156–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Ajao AO, Johnson JK, Harris AD, Zhan M, McGregor JC, Thom KA, et al. Risk of acquiring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli from prior room occupants in the intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(5):453–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Bogan C, Marchaim D. The role of antimicrobial stewardship in curbing carbapenem resistance. Future Microbiol. 2013;8(8):979–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yigit H, Queenan AM, Anderson GJ, Domenech-Sanchez A, Biddle JW, Steward CD, et al. Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(4):1151–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Munoz-Price LS, Quinn JP. Deconstructing the infection control bundles for the containment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(4):378–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Patients with KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as of January 2017, by state. https://www.cdcgov/hai/organisms/cre/trackingcre.html. 2017.

  25. CDC. Facility guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). https://www.cdcgov/hai/pdfs/cre/CRE-guidance-508.pdf. 2015.

  26. Weiner LM, Fridkin SK, Aponte-Torres Z, Avery L, Coffin N, Dudeck MA, et al. Vital signs: preventing antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitals – United States, 2014. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(7):2224–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Antimicrobial resistance interactive database (EARS-Net). http://atlas.ecdc.europa.eu/public/index.aspx?Instance=GeneralAtlas. 2014.

  28. Hussein K, Sprecher H, Mashiach T, Oren I, Kassis I, Finkelstein R. Carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: risk factors, molecular characteristics, and susceptibility patterns. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(7):666–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bogan C, Bheemreddy S, Sengstock D, Jagarlamudi R, et al. The burden of multidrug-resistant organisms on tertiary hospitals posed by patients with recent stays in long-term acute care facilities. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(8):760–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Otter JA. What’s trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond. J Hosp Infect. 2015;89(4):229–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Lin MY, Lyles-Banks RD, Lolans K, Hines DW, Spear JB, Petrak R, et al. The importance of long-term acute care hospitals in the regional epidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(9):1246–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schaumburg F, Sertic SM, Correa-Martinez C, Mellmann A, Kock R, Becker K. Acquisition and colonization dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria during international travel: a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(10):1287 e1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Worby CJ, Earl AM, Turbett SE, Becker M, Rao SR, Oliver E, et al. Acquisition and long-term carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in US international travelers. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(12):ofaa543.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mellon G, Turbett SE, Worby C, Oliver E, Walker AT, Walters M, et al. Acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by U.S. international travelers. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(14):1372–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Perez F, Van Duin D. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a menace to our most vulnerable patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2013;80(4):225–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Munoz-Price LS, Poirel L, Bonomo RA, Schwaber MJ, Daikos GL, Cormican M, et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(9):785–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Perez F, El Chakhtoura NG, Papp-Wallace KM, Wilson BM, Bonomo RA. Treatment options for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: can we apply “precision medicine” to antimicrobial chemotherapy? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(6):761–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. EUCAST. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical breakpoints. 2010. Available from: http://www.srga.org/eucastwt/MICTAB/index.html.

  39. CLSI. Performance standards for antimibrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-sixth informational supplement. Approved standard M100-S20. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010. Report No.: Approved standard M100-S20.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Goodman KE, Simner PJ, Tamma PD, Milstone AM. Infection control implications of heterogeneous resistance mechanisms in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2016;14(1):95–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Adler A, Paikin S, Sterlin Y, Glick J, Edgar R, Aronov R, et al. A swordless knight: epidemiology and molecular characteristics of the blaKPC-negative sequence type 258 Klebsiella pneumoniae clone. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(10):3180–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Tamma PD, Goodman KE, Harris AD, Tekle T, Roberts A, Taiwo A, et al. Comparing the outcomes of patients with carbapenemase-producing and non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(3):257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bouganim R, Dykman L, Fakeh O, Motro Y, Oren R, Daniel C, et al. The clinical and molecular epidemiology of noncarbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a case-case-control matched analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(8):ofaa299.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Miller S, Humphries RM. Clinical laboratory detection of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2016;14(8):705–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Richter SS, Marchaim D. Screening for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: who, when, and how? Virulence. 2016:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Bhargava A, Bogan C, Dhar S, Hayakawa K, et al. Recent exposure to antimicrobials and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the role of antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(8):817–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Maragakis LL. Recognition and prevention of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(8 Suppl):S345–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Erasmus V, Daha TJ, Brug H, Richardus JH, Behrendt MD, Vos MC, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(3):283–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sypsa V, Psichogiou M, Bouzala GA, Hadjihannas L, Hatzakis A, Daikos GL. Transmission dynamics of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and anticipated impact of infection control strategies in a surgical unit. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41068.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Harris AD, Nemoy L, Johnson JA, Martin-Carnahan A, Smith DL, Standiford H, et al. Co-carriage rates of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria among a cohort of intensive care unit patients: implications for an active surveillance program. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(2):105–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. An ongoing national intervention to contain the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(5):697–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Temkin E, Adler A, Lerner A, Carmeli Y. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: biology, epidemiology, and management. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1323:22–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bonten MJ. Colonization pressure: a critical parameter in the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Crit Care. 2012;16(4):142.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Dickstein Y, Edelman R, Dror T, Hussein K, Bar-Lavie Y, Paul M. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization and infection in critically ill patients: a retrospective matched cohort comparison with non-carriers. J Hosp Infect. 2016;94(1):54–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Adler A, Friedman ND, Marchaim D. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: infection control implications. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2016;30(4):967–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Leibman V, Martin ET, Tal-Jasper R, Grin L, Hayakawa K, Shefler C, et al. Simple bedside score to optimize the time and the decision to initiate appropriate therapy for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2015;14:31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Palmore TN, Henderson DK. Managing transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings: a view from the trenches. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(11):1593–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Health Care Facilities. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Magiorakos AP, Burns K, Rodriguez Bano J, Borg M, Daikos G, Dumpis U, et al. Infection prevention and control measures and tools for the prevention of entry of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae into healthcare settings: guidance from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6:113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a potential threat. JAMA. 2008;300(24):2911–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Bhargava A, Hayakawa K, Silverman E, Haider S, Alluri KC, Datla S, et al. Risk factors for colonization due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among patients exposed to long-term acute care and acute care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(4):398–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Schwaber MJ, Lev B, Israeli A, Solter E, Smollan G, Rubinovitch B, et al. Containment of a country-wide outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Israeli hospitals via a nationally implemented intervention. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(7):848–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. DalBen MF, Teixeira Mendes E, Moura ML, Abdel Rahman D, Peixoto D, Alves Dos Santos S, et al. A model-based strategy to control the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: simulate and implement. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1315–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kim NH, Han WD, Song KH, Seo HK, Shin MJ, Kim TS, et al. Successful containment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae by strict contact precautions without active surveillance. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(12):1270–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory C. 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(10 Suppl 2):S65–164.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidance for control of infections with carbapenem-resistant or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in acute care facilities. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58(10):256–60.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kochar S, Sheard T, Sharma R, Hui A, Tolentino E, Allen G, et al. Success of an infection control program to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(5):447–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Zimmerman FS, Assous MV, Bdolah-Abram T, Lachish T, Yinnon AM, Wiener-Well Y. Duration of carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae following hospital discharge. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(3):190–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Poirel L, Herve V, Hombrouck-Alet C, Nordmann P. Long-term carriage of NDM-1-producing Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(9):2185–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schechner V, Kotlovsky T, Tarabeia J, Kazma M, Schwartz D, Navon-Venezia S, et al. Predictors of rectal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) among patients with known CRE carriage at their next hospital encounter. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(5):497–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bart Y, Paul M, Eluk O, Geffen Y, Rabino G, Hussein K. Risk factors for recurrence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage: case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015;36(8):936–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hussein K, Rabino G, Eluk O, Warman S, Reisner S, Geffen Y, et al. The association between infection control interventions and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae incidence in an endemic hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2017;97(3):218–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Marchaim D, Chopra T, Pogue JM, Perez F, Hujer AM, Rudin S, et al. Outbreak of colistin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(2):593–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Marchaim D, Perez F, Lee J, Bheemreddy S, Hujer AM, Rudin S, et al. “Swimming in resistance”: co-colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(9):830–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Dancer SJ. Hospital cleaning in the 21st century. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(12):1473–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lerner A, Adler A, Abu-Hanna J, Meitus I, Navon-Venezia S, Carmeli Y. Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(1):177–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Wilks SA, Michels H, Keevil CW. The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol. 2005;105(3):445–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Williams AP, Avery LM, Killham K, Jones DL. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 on farm surfaces under different environmental conditions. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98(5):1075–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Obee P, Griffith CJ, Cooper RA, Bennion NE. An evaluation of different methods for the recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(1):35–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Weber DJ, Anderson D, Rutala WA. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(4):338–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wolf I, Bergervoet PW, Sebens FW, van den Oever HL, Savelkoul PH, van der Zwet WC. The sink as a correctable source of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase contamination for patients in the intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2014;87(2):126–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ciobotaro P, Oved M, Nadir E, Bardenstein R, Zimhony O. An effective intervention to limit the spread of an epidemic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an acute care setting: from theory to practice. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(8):671–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Munoz-Price LS, Hayden MK, Lolans K, Won S, Calvert K, Lin M, et al. Successful control of an outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae at a long-term acute care hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(4):341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Carling PC, Huang SS. Improving healthcare environmental cleaning and disinfection: current and evolving issues. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(5):507–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA. ‘No touch’ technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(4):424–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Anderson DJ, Gergen MF, Smathers E, Sexton DJ, Chen LF, Weber DJ, et al. Decontamination of targeted pathogens from patient rooms using an automated ultraviolet-C-emitting device. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(5):466–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Boyce JM, Havill NL, Dumigan DG, Golebiewski M, Balogun O, Rizvani R. Monitoring the effectiveness of hospital cleaning practices by use of an adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assay. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(7):678–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Chow A, Arah OA, Chan SP, Poh BF, Krishnan P, Ng WK, et al. Alcohol handrubbing and chlorhexidine handwashing protocols for routine hospital practice: a randomized clinical trial of protocol efficacy and time effectiveness. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(9):800–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Carling PC, Parry MF, Bruno-Murtha LA, Dick B. Improving environmental hygiene in 27 intensive care units to decrease multidrug-resistant bacterial transmission. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4):1054–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Tschopp C, Schneider A, Longtin Y, Renzi G, Schrenzel J, Pittet D. Predictors of heavy stethoscope contamination following a physical examination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(6):673–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ha J, Son BK. Current issues in duodenoscope-associated infections: now is the time to take action. Clin Endosc. 2015;48(5):361–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections associated with duodenoscopes: what can we do to prevent infections? Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(5 Suppl):e47–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. O’Horo JC, Farrell A, Sohail MR, Safdar N. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and endoscopy: an evolving threat. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(9):1032–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Rubin ZA, Murthy RK. Outbreaks associated with duodenoscopes: new challenges and controversies. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(4):407–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Catho G, Huttner BD. Strategies for the eradication of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae intestinal carriage. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2019;17(8):557–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Lew DP, Suter PM. Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. JAMA. 1991;265(20):2704–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, Paling JC, van der Geest S, van Tiel FH, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral decontamination: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(3):382–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Saidel-Odes L, Polachek H, Peled N, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F, Trabelsi Y, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination using oral gentamicin and oral polymyxin E for eradication of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(1):14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Oren I, Sprecher H, Finkelstein R, Hadad S, Neuberger A, Hussein K, et al. Eradication of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae gastrointestinal colonization with nonabsorbable oral antibiotic treatment: a prospective controlled trial. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(12):1167–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lubbert C, Faucheux S, Becker-Rux D, Laudi S, Durrbeck A, Busch T, et al. Rapid emergence of secondary resistance to gentamicin and colistin following selective digestive decontamination in patients with KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: a single-centre experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;42(6):565–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Wittekamp BH, Plantinga NL, Cooper BS, Lopez-Contreras J, Coll P, Mancebo J, et al. Decontamination strategies and bloodstream infections with antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in ventilated patients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320(20):2087–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Septimus EJ, Schweizer ML. Decolonization in prevention of health care-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(2):201–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Kuijper EJ, Vendrik KEW, Vehreschild M. Manipulation of the microbiota to eradicate multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from the human intestinal tract. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):786–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Davido B, Batista R, Michelon H, Lepainteur M, Bouchand F, Lepeule R, et al. Is faecal microbiota transplantation an option to eradicate highly drug-resistant enteric bacteria carriage? J Hosp Infect. 2017;95(4):433–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Huttner BD, de Lastours V, Wassenberg M, Maharshak N, Mauris A, Galperine T, et al. A 5-day course of oral antibiotics followed by faecal transplantation to eradicate carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):830–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, MacDougall C, Schuetz AN, Septimus EJ, et al. Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):e51–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Ghafur A, Nagvekar V, Thilakavathy S, Chandra K, Gopalakrishnan R, Vidyalakshmi P, et al. “Save Antibiotics, Save lives”: an Indian success story of infection control through persuasive diplomacy. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Kritsotakis EI, Tsioutis C, Roumbelaki M, Christidou A, Gikas A. Antibiotic use and the risk of carbapenem-resistant extended-spectrum-{beta}-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in hospitalized patients: results of a double case-control study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(6):1383–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Borer A, Saidel-Odes L, Eskira S, Nativ R, Riesenberg K, Livshiz-Riven I, et al. Risk factors for developing clinical infection with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospital patients initially only colonized with carbapenem-resistant K pneumoniae. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(5):421–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Munoz-Price LS, Weinstein RA. Acinetobacter infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(12):1271–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. CDC’s antibiotic resistance patient safety atlas. http://www.cdc.gov/hai/surveillance/ar-patient-safety-atlas.html. 2015.

  113. Reddy T, Chopra T, Marchaim D, Pogue JM, Alangaden G, Salimnia H, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a metropolitan Detroit health system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(5):2235–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Dickstein Y, Temkin E, Ish Shalom M, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y, Schwaber MJ. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Israel, 2014–2017. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Nordmann P, Poirel L. Epidemiology and diagnostics of Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(Suppl 7):S521–S8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Sengstock DM, Thyagarajan R, Apalara J, Mira A, Chopra T, Kaye KS. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging pathogen among older adults in community hospitals and nursing homes. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1611–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. de Medina T, Carmeli Y. The pivotal role of long-term care facilities in the epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii: another brick in the wall. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1617–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Eveillard M, Kempf M, Belmonte O, Pailhories H, Joly-Guillou ML. Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(10):e802–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with adult healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015–2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Bonomo RA, Szabo D. Mechanisms of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(Suppl 2):S49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Agodi A, Voulgari E, Barchitta M, Quattrocchi A, Bellocchi P, Poulou A, et al. Spread of a carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST2 clonal strain causing outbreaks in two Sicilian hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 2014;86(4):260–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Perez S, Innes GK, Walters MS, Mehr J, Arias J, Greeley R, et al. Increase in hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection and colonization in an acute care hospital during a surge in COVID-19 admissions – New Jersey, February-July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(48):1827–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Gottesman T, Fedorowsky R, Yerushalmi R, Lellouche J, Nutman A. An outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a COVID-19 dedicated hospital. Infect Prev Pract. 2021;3(1):100113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Marchaim D, Navon-Venezia S, Leavitt A, Chmelnitsky I, Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. Molecular and epidemiologic study of polyclonal outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in an Israeli hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(8):945–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Marchaim D, Levit D, Zigron R, Gordon M, Lazarovitch T, Carrico JA, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections in an endemic setting. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:271–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Morgan DJ, Rogawski E, Thom KA, Johnson JK, Perencevich EN, Shardell M, et al. Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria to healthcare workers’ gloves and gowns after patient contact increases with environmental contamination. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(4):1045–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Rodriguez-Bano J, Garcia L, Ramirez E, Martinez-Martinez L, Muniain MA, Fernandez-Cuenca F, et al. Long-term control of hospital-wide, endemic multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii through a comprehensive “bundle” approach. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37(9):715–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Cheng VC, Chen JH, Poon RW, Lee WM, So SY, Wong SC, et al. Control of hospital endemicity of multiple-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST457 with directly observed hand hygiene. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(4):713–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Enfield KB, Huq NN, Gosseling MF, Low DJ, Hazen KC, Toney DM, et al. Control of simultaneous outbreaks of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in an intensive care unit using interventions promoted in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012 carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae toolkit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(7):810–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Cho OH, Bak MH, Baek EH, Park KH, Kim S, Bae IG. Successful control of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Korean university hospital: a 6-year perspective. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(9):976–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Cardoso CL, Pereira HH, Zequim JC, Guilhermetti M. Effectiveness of hand-cleansing agents for removing Acinetobacter baumannii strain from contaminated hands. Am J Infect Control. 1999;27(4):327–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Maragakis LL, Tucker MG, Miller RG, Carroll KC, Perl TM. Incidence and prevalence of multidrug-resistant acinetobacter using targeted active surveillance cultures. JAMA. 2008;299(21):2513–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. An JH, Kim YH, Moon JE, Jeong JH, Kim SH, Kang SJ, et al. Active surveillance for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a medical intensive care unit: can it predict and reduce subsequent infections and the use of colistin? Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(6):667–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Corbella X, Pujol M, Ayats J, Sendra M, Ardanuy C, Dominguez MA, et al. Relevance of digestive tract colonization in the epidemiology of nosocomial infections due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(2):329–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Latibeaudiere R, Rosa R, Laowansiri P, Arheart K, Namias N, Munoz-Price LS. Surveillance cultures growing carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii predict the development of clinical infections: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):415–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Ku K, Pogue JM, Moshos J, Bheemreddy S, Wang Y, Bhargava A, et al. Retrospective evaluation of colistin versus tigecycline for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii and/or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(10):983–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Marchaim D, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Tarabeia J, Fefer I, Schwaber MJ, et al. Surveillance cultures and duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(5):1551–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Doi Y, Onuoha EO, Adams-Haduch JM, Pakstis DL, McGaha TL, Werner CA, et al. Screening for Acinetobacter baumannii colonization by use of sponges. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(1):154–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Nutman A, Temkin E, Lellouche J, Ben David D, Schwartz D, Carmeli Y. Detecting carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) carriage: which body site should be cultured? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(8):965–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Coyle JR, Kaye KS, Taylor T, Tansek R, Campbell M, Hayakawa K, et al. Effectiveness and cost of implementing an active surveillance screening policy for Acinetobacter baumannii: a Monte Carlo simulation model. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(3):283–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Apisarnthanarak A, Pinitchai U, Thongphubeth K, Yuekyen C, Warren DK, Fraser VJ, et al. A multifaceted intervention to reduce pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in 3 intensive care units in a Thai tertiary care center: a 3-year study. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(6):760–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Gbaguidi-Haore H, Legast S, Thouverez M, Bertrand X, Talon D. Ecological study of the effectiveness of isolation precautions in the management of hospitalized patients colonized or infected with Acinetobacter baumannii. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(12):1118–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Rebmann T, Rosenbaum PA. Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: an executive summary of the Association for Professionals in infection control and epidemiology’s elimination guide. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(5):439–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Peleg AY, de Breij A, Adams MD, Cerqueira GM, Mocali S, Galardini M, et al. The success of acinetobacter species; genetic, metabolic and virulence attributes. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46984.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Doi Y, Husain S, Potoski BA, McCurry KR, Paterson DL. Extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(6):980–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii: emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(3):538–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:130.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Doidge M, Allworth AM, Woods M, Marshall P, Terry M, O’Brien K, et al. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Australia after introduction of environmental cleaning with a commercial oxidizing disinfectant. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(4):418–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Landman D, Babu E, Shah N, Kelly P, Olawole O, Backer M, et al. Transmission of carbapenem-resistant pathogens in New York City hospitals: progress and frustration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(6):1427–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Simor AE, Lee M, Vearncombe M, Jones-Paul L, Barry C, Gomez M, et al. An outbreak due to multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a burn unit: risk factors for acquisition and management. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(5):261–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Lerner AO, Abu-Hanna J, Carmeli Y, Schechner V. Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: the effects of room type and cleaning methods. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(2):166–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Nseir S, Blazejewski C, Lubret R, Wallet F, Courcol R, Durocher A. Risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli from prior room occupants in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(8):1201–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Manian FA, Griesenauer S, Senkel D, Setzer JM, Doll SA, Perry AM, et al. Isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii complex and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hospital rooms following terminal cleaning and disinfection: can we do better? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(7):667–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Boyce JM. Modern technologies for improving cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in hospitals. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;5:10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Casini B, Selvi C, Cristina ML, Totaro M, Costa AL, Valentini P, et al. Evaluation of a modified cleaning procedure in the prevention of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clonal spread in a burn intensive care unit using a high-sensitivity luminometer. J Hosp Infect. 2017;95(1):46–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Qureshi ZA, Hittle LE, O’Hara JA, Rivera JI, Syed A, Shields RK, et al. Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: beyond carbapenem resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1295–303.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Abbo A, Navon-Venezia S, Hammer-Muntz O, Krichali T, Siegman-Igra Y, Carmeli Y. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(1):22–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Chopra T, Marchaim D, Johnson PC, Awali RA, Doshi H, Chalana I, et al. Risk factors and outcomes for patients with bloodstream infection due to Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(8):4630–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lee SO, Kim NJ, Choi SH, Hyong Kim T, Chung JW, Woo JH, et al. Risk factors for acquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a case-control study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(1):224–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Falagas ME, Kopterides P. Risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review of the literature. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64(1):7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Dortch MJ, Fleming SB, Kauffmann RM, Dossett LA, Talbot TR, May AK. Infection reduction strategies including antibiotic stewardship protocols in surgical and trauma intensive care units are associated with reduced resistant Gram-negative healthcare-associated infections. Surg Infect. 2011;12(1):15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Jaggi N, Sissodia P, Sharma L. Control of multidrug resistant bacteria in a tertiary care hospital in India. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Ogutlu A, Guclu E, Karabay O, Utku AC, Tuna N, Yahyaoglu M. Effects of carbapenem consumption on the prevalence of Acinetobacter infection in intensive care unit patients. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014;13:7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Wenzler E, Goff DA, Mangino JE, Reed EE, Wehr A, Bauer KA. Impact of rapid identification of Acinetobacter Baumannii via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with antimicrobial stewardship in patients with pneumonia and/or bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;84(1):63–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Wenzler E, Goff DA, Humphries R, Goldstein EJC. Anticipating the unpredictable: a review of antimicrobial stewardship and Acinetobacter infections. Infect Dis Ther. 2017;6(2):149–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Sader HS, Castanheira M, Arends SJR, Goossens H, Flamm RK. Geographical and temporal variation in the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia: results from 20 years of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997–2016). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(6):1595–606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Zhang Y, Chen XL, Huang AW, Liu SL, Liu WJ, Zhang N, et al. Mortality attributable to carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016;5:e27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Cai B, Echols R, Magee G, Arjona Ferreira JC, Morgan G, Ariyasu M, et al. Prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative Infections in the United States predominated by Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(3):ofx176.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Santajit S, Indrawattana N. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:2475067.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Breidenstein EB, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Hancock RE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: all roads lead to resistance. Trends Microbiol. 2011;19(8):419–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Almeida MM, Freitas MT, Folescu TW, Firmida MC, Carvalho-Assef APD, Marques EA, et al. Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic lung infection: current resistance profile and hypermutability in patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Microbiol. 2021;78(2):696–704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Raman G, Avendano EE, Chan J, Merchant S, Puzniak L. Risk factors for hospitalized patients with resistant or multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Aloush V, Navon-Venezia S, Seigman-Igra Y, Cabili S, Carmeli Y. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: risk factors and clinical impact. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(1):43–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Kirschke DL, Jones TF, Craig AS, Chu PS, Mayernick GG, Patel JA, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens contamination associated with a manufacturing defect in bronchoscopes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(3):214–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Olson B, Weinstein RA, Nathan C, Chamberlin W, Kabins SA. Epidemiology of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why infection control efforts have failed. J Infect Dis. 1984;150(6):808–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Moolenaar RL, Crutcher JM, San Joaquin VH, Sewell LV, Hutwagner LC, Carson LA, et al. A prolonged outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a neonatal intensive care unit: did staff fingernails play a role in disease transmission? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(2):80–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Pires dos Santos R, Jacoby T, Pires Machado D, Lisboa T, Gastal SL, Nagel FM, et al. Hand hygiene, and not ertapenem use, contributed to reduction of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(6):584–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Cobos-Trigueros N, Sole M, Castro P, Torres JL, Hernandez C, Rinaudo M, et al. Acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance phenotypes in critically ill medical patients: role of colonization pressure and antibiotic exposure. Crit Care. 2015;19:218.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Bertrand X, Thouverez M, Talon D, Boillot A, Capellier G, Floriot C, et al. Endemicity, molecular diversity and colonisation routes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(8):1263–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Gomez-Zorrilla S, Camoez M, Tubau F, Canizares R, Periche E, Dominguez MA, et al. Prospective observational study of prior rectal colonization status as a predictor for subsequent development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(9):5213–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  181. Cohen R, Babushkin F, Cohen S, Afraimov M, Shapiro M, Uda M, et al. A prospective survey of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and infection in the intensive care unit. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6:7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Bonten MJ, Bergmans DC, Speijer H, Stobberingh EE. Characteristics of polyclonal endemicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in intensive care units. Implications for infection control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(4):1212–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Karampatakis T, Tsergouli K, Iosifidis E, Antachopoulos C, Karapanagiotou A, Karyoti A, et al. Impact of active surveillance and infection control measures on carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonization and infections in intensive care. J Hosp Infect. 2018;99(4):396–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Kohlenberg A, Weitzel-Kage D, van der Linden P, Sohr D, Vogeler S, Kola A, et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a surgical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2010;74(4):350–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Nagao M, Iinuma Y, Igawa J, Saito T, Yamashita K, Kondo T, et al. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a haemato-oncology unit. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(1):49–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Kirkland KB, Weinstein JM. Adverse effects of contact isolation. Lancet. 1999;354(9185):1177–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Stelfox HT, Bates DW, Redelmeier DA. Safety of patients isolated for infection control. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1899–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Lynch BL, Schaffer K. Can guidelines for the control of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms be put into practice? A national survey of guideline compliance and comparison of available guidelines. J Hosp Infect. 2019;102(1):1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gysin DV, Cookson B, Saenz H, Dettenkofer M, Widmer AF, Infections ESGfN. Variability in contact precautions to control the nosocomial spread of multi-drug resistant organisms in the endemic setting: a multinational cross-sectional survey. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. Tacconelli E, Buhl M, Humphreys H, Malek V, Presterl E, Rodriguez-Bano J, et al. Analysis of the challenges in implementing guidelines to prevent the spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negatives in Europe. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e027683.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Tomczyk S, Zanichelli V, Grayson ML, Twyman A, Abbas M, Pires D, et al. Control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in healthcare facilities: a systematic review and reanalysis of quasi-experimental studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(5):873–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Rosenberger LH, Hranjec T, Politano AD, Swenson BR, Metzger R, Bonatti H, et al. Effective cohorting and “superisolation” in a single intensive care unit in response to an outbreak of diverse multi-drug-resistant organisms. Surg Infect. 2011;12(5):345–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Kerr KG, Snelling AM. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a formidable and ever-present adversary. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73(4):338–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Kizny Gordon AE, Mathers AJ, Cheong EYL, Gottlieb T, Kotay S, Walker AS, et al. The hospital water environment as a reservoir for carbapenem-resistant organisms causing hospital-acquired infections-a systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(10):1435–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Marchaim D, Taylor AR, Hayakawa K, Bheemreddy S, Sunkara B, Moshos J, et al. Hospital bath basins are frequently contaminated with multidrug-resistant human pathogens. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):562–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Garvey MI, Bradley CW, Holden E. Waterborne Pseudomonas aeruginosa transmission in a hematology unit? Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(4):383–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Hayward C, Ross KE, Brown MH, Whiley H. Water as a source of antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections. Pathogens. 2020;9(8):667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  198. Bert F, Maubec E, Bruneau B, Berry P, Lambert-Zechovsky N. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 1998;39(1):53–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Hota S, Hirji Z, Stockton K, Lemieux C, Dedier H, Wolfaardt G, et al. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and infection secondary to imperfect intensive care unit room design. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(1):25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Bukholm G, Tannaes T, Kjelsberg AB, Smith-Erichsen N. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with increased risk of patient death in an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(8):441–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Petignat C, Francioli P, Nahimana I, Wenger A, Bille J, Schaller MD, et al. Exogenous sources of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit patients: implementation of infection control measures and follow-up with molecular typing. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(9):953–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Rogues AM, Boulestreau H, Lasheras A, Boyer A, Gruson D, Merle C, et al. Contribution of tap water to patient colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67(1):72–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Valles J, Mariscal D, Cortes P, Coll P, Villagra A, Diaz E, et al. Patterns of colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intubated patients: a 3-year prospective study of 1,607 isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with implications for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(9):1768–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Anne F Voor In ‘t Holt, Severin JA, Lesaffre EM, Vos MC. A systematic review and meta-analyses show that carbapenem use and medical devices are the leading risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(5):2626–37.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Lautenbach E, Synnestvedt M, Weiner MG, Bilker WB, Vo L, Schein J, et al. Imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: emergence, epidemiology, and impact on clinical and economic outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(1):47–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Carmeli Y, Troillet N, Eliopoulos GM, Samore MH. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of risks associated with different antipseudomonal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(6):1379–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Pakyz AL, Oinonen M, Polk RE. Relationship of carbapenem restriction in 22 university teaching hospitals to carbapenem use and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(5):1983–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Carmeli Y, Lidji SK, Shabtai E, Navon-Venezia S, Schwaber MJ. The effects of group 1 versus group 2 carbapenems on imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an ecological study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70(3):367–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Peraino V, Elgourt T, Meibohm AR, Lu S. Introduction of ertapenem into a hospital formulary: effect on antimicrobial usage and improved in vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(12):5122–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  210. Nicolau DP, Carmeli Y, Crank CW, Goff DA, Graber CJ, Lima AL, et al. Carbapenem stewardship: does ertapenem affect Pseudomonas susceptibility to other carbapenems? A review of the evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;39(1):11–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, Schneider A, Patel J, Srinivasan A, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009–2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(1):1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Morrissey I, Hackel M, Badal R, Bouchillon S, Hawser S, Biedenbach D. A review of ten years of the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART) from 2002 to 2011. Pharmaceuticals. 2013;6(11):1335–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bertrand X, Dowzicky MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility among Gram-negative isolates collected from intensive care units in North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific Rim, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa between 2004 and 2009 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial. Clin Ther. 2012;34(1):124–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Bush K. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in North America, 1987–2006. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14(Suppl 1):134–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Jacoby GA, Munoz-Price LS. The new beta-lactamases. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):380–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Ben-Ami R, Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S, Schwartz D, Giladi M, Chmelnitsky I, et al. Influx of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae into the hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(7):925–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Hayakawa K, Gattu S, Marchaim D, Bhargava A, Palla M, Alshabani K, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for isolation of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in a large U.S. Medical Center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):4010–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Ben-Ami R, Rodriguez-Bano J, Arslan H, Pitout JD, Quentin C, Calbo ES, et al. A multinational survey of risk factors for infection with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in nonhospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(5):682–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Bonkat G, Muller G, Braissant O, Frei R, Tschudin-Suter S, Rieken M, et al. Increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli urinary isolates. World J Urol. 2013;31(6):1427–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Tukenmez Tigen E, Tandogdu Z, Ergonul O, Altinkanat G, Gunaydin B, Ozgen M, et al. Outcomes of fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase after transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. Urology. 2014;84(5):1008–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Guo Y, Zhou H, Qin L, Pang Z, Qin T, Ren H, et al. Frequency, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae in food samples. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153561.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Nakane K, Kawamura K, Goto K, Arakawa Y. Long-term colonization by bla(CTX-M)-harboring Escherichia coli in healthy Japanese people engaged in food handling. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016;82(6):1818–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  223. King LA, Nogareda F, Weill FX, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Loukiadis E, Gault G, et al. Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with organic fenugreek sprouts, France, June 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(11):1588–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Karanika S, Karantanos T, Arvanitis M, Grigoras C, Mylonakis E. Fecal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and risk factors among healthy individuals: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(3):310–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Tschudin-Sutter S, Frei R, Dangel M, Stranden A, Widmer AF. Rate of transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae without contact isolation. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(11):1505–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Alves M, Lemire A, Decre D, Margetis D, Bige N, Pichereau C, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase--producing Enterobacteriaceae in the intensive care unit: acquisition does not mean cross-transmission. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Hilty M, Betsch BY, Bogli-Stuber K, Heiniger N, Stadler M, Kuffer M, et al. Transmission dynamics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the tertiary care hospital and the household setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(7):967–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  228. Freeman JT, Nimmo J, Gregory E, Tiong A, De Almeida M, McAuliffe GN, et al. Predictors of hospital surface contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: patient and organism factors. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2014;3(1):5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  229. Pittet D, Dharan S, Touveneau S, Sauvan V, Perneger TV. Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(8):821–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Guenthner SH, Hendley JO, Wenzel RP. Gram-negative bacilli as nontransient flora on the hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25(3):488–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  231. Weintrob AC, Roediger MP, Barber M, Summers A, Fieberg AM, Dunn J, et al. Natural history of colonization with Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms among hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(4):330–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Pelat C, Kardas-Sloma L, Birgand G, Ruppe E, Schwarzinger M, Andremont A, et al. Hand hygiene, cohorting, or antibiotic restriction to control outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):272–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Reddy P, Malczynski M, Obias A, Reiner S, Jin N, Huang J, et al. Screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among high-risk patients and rates of subsequent bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(7):846–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Cornejo-Juarez P, Suarez-Cuenca JA, Volkow-Fernandez P, Silva-Sanchez J, Barrios-Camacho H, Najera-Leon E, et al. Fecal ESBL Escherichia coli carriage as a risk factor for bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(1):253–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Alevizakos M, Karanika S, Detsis M, Mylonakis E. Colonisation with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and risk for infection among patients with solid or haematological malignancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(6):647–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Gardam MA, Burrows LL, Kus JV, Brunton J, Low DE, Conly JM, et al. Is surveillance for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae an effective infection control strategy in the absence of an outbreak? J Infect Dis. 2002;186(12):1754–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Rybczynska H, Melander E, Johansson H, Lundberg F. Efficacy of a once-a-week screening programme to control extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(6):426–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Song X, Soghier L, Floyd TT, Harris TR, Short BL, DeBiasi RL. Reassessing the need for active surveillance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the neonatal intensive care population. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39(12):1436–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Dhar S, Marchaim D, Tansek R, Chopra T, Yousuf A, Bhargava A, et al. Contact precautions: more is not necessarily better. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(3):213–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Zahar JR, Poirel L, Dupont C, Fortineau N, Nassif X, Nordmann P. About the usefulness of contact precautions for carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:512.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Maechler F, Schwab F, Hansen S, Fankhauser C, Harbarth S, Huttner BD, et al. Contact isolation versus standard precautions to decrease acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in non-critical care wards: a cluster-randomised crossover trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):575–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Tietz A FP, Widmer AF. Extended -spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL): Spitalhygienische Implikationen. 2005;11:4. http://www.swiss-nosoch.

  243. Kennedy K, Collignon P. Colonisation with Escherichia coli resistant to “critically important” antibiotics: a high risk for international travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(12):1501–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Bar-Yoseph H, Hussein K, Braun E, Paul M. Natural history and decolonization strategies for ESBL/carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae carriage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(10):2729–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Huttner B, Haustein T, Uckay I, Renzi G, Stewardson A, Schaerrer D, et al. Decolonization of intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae with oral colistin and neomycin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(10):2375–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Rieg S, Kupper MF, de With K, Serr A, Bohnert JA, Kern WV. Intestinal decolonization of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL): a retrospective observational study in patients at risk for infection and a brief review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Ntagiopoulos PG, Paramythiotou E, Antoniadou A, Giamarellou H, Karabinis A. Impact of an antibiotic restriction policy on the antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative microorganisms in an Intensive Care Unit in Greece. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;30(4):360–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Knudsen JD, Andersen SE. A multidisciplinary intervention to reduce infections of ESBL- and AmpC-producing, Gram-negative bacteria at a University Hospital. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oryan Henig .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Henig, O., Chikly, A., Marchaim, D. (2022). Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli: Infection Prevention Considerations. In: Bearman, G., Morgan, D.J., K. Murthy, R., Hota, S. (eds) Infection Prevention. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98427-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98427-4_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98426-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98427-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics