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D2X Multicast Broadcast Harmonized 5G NR was introduce NAB 2024 https://lnkd.in/eKMeePJa Top is example concept of Network Slicing 5G Core and 5G NR RAN. Below is example concept of D2X RAN slicing with OFDMA capability serving 10 Use Cases with Virtual Slices of D2X Virtual Frame each slice is tailored for Application requirements. https://lnkd.in/ebRvyaWa OFDMA improves spectrum efficiency using larger Bandwidths such as 24 MHz shown. This technology can be used in the Broadcast and IMT bands. The one-to-many nature of D2X results in much less system complexity than 5G NR and is designed to interwork as Non-3GPP Broadcast RAT at RAN layer 2.

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Excellent Overview: 3GPP Release 17 & Release 18: 5G NR Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and Frame Structure by Expert Rahim Navaei

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3GPP Release 17 & Release 18: 5G NR Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and Frame Structure explained in detail by 5G Expert Rahim Navaei! ⤵️ The 5G NR (New Radio) framework is designed with a flexible and scalable Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and frame structure to support diverse deployment scenarios and diverse end-user applications. 5G NR Subcarrier Spacing (SCS): ✅ The Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) in 5G NR is a crucial component of the 5G network that allows for the accommodation of various use cases by adjusting the frequency domain's subcarrier spacing. The SCS is designed to be scalable to support different deployment scenarios, frequency bands, and use cases, ranging from low-bandwidth, wide-area coverage to high-bandwidth, low-latency. ✅ 3GPP has specified subcarrier spacing of 15, 30, 60, 120 ,240, 480 and 960 KHz. ◾ Larger SCS allows for lower latency and supports higher-frequency bands, suitable for use cases requiring quick data transmission, like autonomous vehicles or real-time gaming. ◾Smaller SCS is ideal for lower-frequency bands and increased coverage, which benefits use cases like IoT deployments where a wide area needs to be covered. ✅ 3GPP introduced the SCS of 480 and 960 KHz in release 17 and the SCS of 960 KHz also represents the highest SCS in release 18. A new NR mmWave frequency band (n263: 57–71GHz) has been specified in release 17 to utilise two new SCS of 480 and 960 KHz which support extremely high data rates and very low latency communications. The new NR frequency band(n263) is for unlicensed operation and subject to regional and/or country specific regulatory requirements. 5G NR Frame Structure: ✅ The frame structure in 5G NR is designed to be highly adaptable, supporting different bandwidths, to cater diverse service requirements. The 5G NR radio frame has а fixed duration of 10 ms, which are divided into subframes, slots and OFDM symbols. The 5G NR subframe has а fixed duration of 1 ms so there are always 10 subframes within each radio frame. ✅The 5G NR slot duration and OFDM symbol duration depend upon the Subcarrier Spacing (SCS). This means that the number of slots per subframe and the number of OFDM symbols per subframe also depends upon the Subcarrier Spacing (SCS). ◾ For instance, the 5G NR slot duration for SCS of 15 KHz is 1 ms, while it is 15.625 μs for SCS of 960 KHz specified in release 17. ✅ The number of OFDM symbols per slot is always 14 when using the Normal Cyclic Prefix(NCP) and is always 12 when using the Extended Cyclic Prefix(ECP). ⤵️ Here I try to depict the 5G NR frame structure based upon the different Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) covering 3GPP release 15 to 18 ⤵️ #5G #5GNR #4G #LTE #IoT #AI #mmWave #MobileNetworks #Telecoms

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📡 Elevate Your RF Network Management with Profen Nspector! 🚀 Calling all satellite earth station operators, spectrum managers, and interference hunters! Say goodbye to RF woes with the cutting-edge Profen Nspector. 🌐 👁 Key Features: ▶️ Real-time spectrum analysis ▶️ Captures 40 MHz real-time bandwidth with pinpoint accuracy, even in challenging environments ▶️ Spurious free wide dynamic range for precise measurements (70 MHz to 6 GHz) ▶️ Seamless data communication via built-in ethernet port, no extra software needed ▶️ Cutting-edge carrier monitoring with fully customizable thresholds, and receiving immediate email/SNMP notifications for up to 20 carriers simultaneously ▶️ Advanced level of signal analysis by connecting 8 ports to 8 different signal sources using a multiport model Learn more about our products: https://lnkd.in/dU64w2g7 #Profen #ProfenGroup #RFManagement #SpectrumAnalyzer #TechInnovation

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Why Choose EDX Wireless for Railway Networks? Route-Aligned Antenna Studies: Precision-engineered designs for optimal signal coverage along railway routes. Advanced RF Propagation Modeling: Accurate prediction of signal behavior in tunnels, urban areas, and rural landscapes. Comprehensive Interference Analysis: Identify and mitigate potential sources of interference to ensure uninterrupted communication. Integration with Existing Infrastructure: Seamless incorporation of new network components with your current systems. Discover how our tailored solutions can enhance your railway communications' efficiency, safety, and reliability. 🔗 Learn more about our railway solutions: www.edx.com, contact us @ info@edx.com #RailwayConnectivity #WirelessPlanning #RFModeling #AntennaDesign #InterferenceAnalysis #RailwayExcellence

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Beamforming 101 Whitepaper: Understand the basics of electronically steered phased array antennas that form the heart of today's SATCOM, 5G communications and RADAR systems #mmWave #beamforming #5G #SATCOM https://lnkd.in/gm5vtiqq

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Feasibility Study of Function Splits in RAN Architectures with LEO Satellites https://lnkd.in/e-6XjPvy #RAN #satellitecommunication #leosatellites #radioaccessnetwork

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🚀 Learn about testing 5G NTN! Check out our new technical article to witness the exciting evolution toward satellite- and airborne-based global communications. ✨ - Discover why the term “base station” no longer truly applies to NTN. - Read about two architectural approaches of integrating network nodes into satellites. - Explore the components of RF interface tests. 💡 Want to know more about the test methods and procedures that need to be adapted to ensure 5G NTN system performance? Head to our webpage now: https://lnkd.in/dSKeUPEA #makeideasreal #NTN #5G

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Comparing (Top) OFDM Numerology LTE supports 20 MHz UE (Bottom) New OFDM Numerology D2X (Cloud RAN) supports 24 MHz UE 20 MHz LTE UE was deployed Globally 24 MHz D2X UE could also be deployed Globally https://lnkd.in/eAFNe-ph D2X is a New Multicast Broadcast RAN Aligned with 5G NR for future Interworking and Convergence D2X is currently being considered (Studied) by ATSC standard organization https://www.atsc.org/ and interested 5G MNO and or 5G Vendors are welcome to give input to consider feasibility for broadcast and or IMT bands. D2X is designed for Innovation using O-RAN cloud-native principles. The Terrestrial Broadcast RAN architecture has not changed in 75 years until emergence of O-RAN.  D2X architecture supports future where software is used to adapt to market competition without disrupting the installed network. #ORAN #5G #D2X #Cloud #Broadcast #Interwork

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4G Layer-3 (RRC) Radio resource control (RRC) protocol exists at IP level (layer 3) between UE and eNB. The major functions of the RRC protocol include connection establishment/release functions, broadcast of system information, radio bearer establishment, reconfiguration/release, RRC connection mobility procedures, paging notification and outer loop power control. The operation of the RRC is guided by a state machine which defines certain specific states that a UE may be present in. The different states in this state machine have different amounts of radio resources associated with them and these are the resources that the UE may use when it is present in each specific state - RRC_IDLE: •       PLMN selection •       Broadcast of system information •       Cell re-selection mobility •       Paging for mobile terminated data is initiated by EPC •       DRX for CN paging configured by NAS •       UE controlled mobility RRC_CONNECTED: •       EPC – RAN connection (both C/U-planes) is established for UE •       UE AS context is stored in RAN and the UE •       Network knows the cell which the UE belongs to •       Transfer of unicast data to/from the UE •       Network controlled mobility including measurements Number of these RRC connected users are analyzed sometimes to estimate the impact on the capacity/load of a cell. 👉 To learn about RAN Engineering, refer to the course at - https://lnkd.in/e9TpSHzF

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Choosing the right antenna is crucial for network performance, significantly impacting coverage, capacity, and overall service quality. Network operators must prioritize antenna selection to ensure optimal network functionality and customer satisfaction. Importance of the Right Antenna Antennas are the interface between the network and the end-users, playing a vital role in signal transmission and reception. A well-chosen antenna enhances signal strength, reduces interference, and extends coverage, leading to fewer dropped calls and better data throughput. Conversely, a poorly selected antenna can result in weak signals, increased interference, and coverage gaps, negatively affecting the user experience. Common Mistakes by Network Operators One common mistake network operators make is underestimating the importance of antenna specifications relative to their specific environment and usage patterns. They may focus more on the core network equipment, overlooking the antenna's role in the overall system. Additionally, some operators fail to conduct thorough site surveys, leading to inappropriate antenna placements and suboptimal performance. Another error is neglecting the technological advancements in antennas, sticking to outdated models that do not leverage the latest innovations. Key Considerations for Base Station Antennas When selecting a base station antenna, operators should consider several factors: Frequency Band Compatibility: Ensuring the antenna supports the necessary frequency bands for the intended services (e.g., LTE, 5G). Gain and Directivity: High-gain antennas can provide better coverage and signal strength, but the directivity must match the deployment environment (urban, suburban, or rural). MIMO Capability: Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology can significantly enhance capacity and reliability by using multiple antennas for transmission and reception. Beamforming Technology: Advanced antennas with beamforming capabilities can direct the signal to where it’s needed most, improving efficiency and coverage. Environmental Durability: Antennas must withstand local environmental conditions, including wind, rain, and temperature extremes. Latest Technology in Antennas The latest advancements in antenna technology include Massive MIMO and beamforming. Massive MIMO involves using a large number of antennas to improve capacity and spectral efficiency. Beamforming, part of the 5G technology suite, dynamically adjusts the direction of signal beams towards the user, enhancing performance and reducing interference. There are few new antenna technologies like Feeder less Antennas, Lens Antennas, Polarization Adaptation and Angular phase shift that can help in improving system efficiency and capacity, increasing gain and lowering interference and overall improving better user experience. In you want to know about these 3 new antenna technologies, please feel free to reach us at info@televers.com

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Which Substrate Tech Rules for 5G and 6G AiP?: Antenna packaging methodologies have evolved significantly to counter the escalating signal attenuation in high-frequency communications like 5G mmWave and anticipated 6G networks. Previously, antennas were positioned on PCBs; now, there's a shift towards integrating antennas directly onto the same package as the RF chip. http://dlvr.it/T7F6SL

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While the rollout of 5G is still ongoing, advanced research around the world is now heavily focused on solving a significant problem that is right around the corner. Antenna-to-antenna links or the “backhaul of the network” are essentially limited to frequencies under 100 GHz. However, experts are predicting that by around 2025 these lower frequencies will no longer be enough to support the evolution of 5G or 5G plus, especially within densely populated areas. “Currently there is a dearth of components capable of operating in excess of 100 GHz and then even fewer when you push into the THz regime where 6G is expected to excel,” explains Dr. Guillaume Ducournau, a professor at Université de Lille in France and a top academic researcher in THz communications. This is why we spent the last decade revolutionizing the design of our #mmWave components, so they deliver the highest quality all the way up to 400 GHz. For more about our components, click here: https://lnkd.in/gmDJCB3F #mmWave #rfengineering #technology #MicroHarmonics #5G

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