Public education in North Dakota

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K-12 education in North Dakota
Flag of North Dakota.png
Education facts
State superintendent:
Kirsten Baesler
Number of students:
116,639
Number of teachers:
9,385
Teacher/pupil ratio:
1:12.4
Number of school districts:
179
Number of schools:
484
Graduation rate:
88%
Per-pupil spending:
$14,242
See also
North Dakota Department of Education • List of school districts in North Dakota • North Dakota • School boards portal
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Public education in the United States
Public education in North Dakota
Glossary of education terms
Note: The statistics on this page are mainly from government sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. Figures given were the most recent as of June 2015.


The North Dakota public school system (prekindergarten through grade 12) operates within districts governed by locally elected school boards and superintendents. In 2022, North Dakota had 116,639 students enrolled in a total of 484 schools in 179 school districts. There were 9,385 teachers in the public schools, or roughly one teacher for every 12 students, compared to the national average of 1:16. In 2020, North Dakota spent on average $14,242 per pupil.[1] The state's graduation rate was 88 percent in the 2018-2019 school year.[2]


General information

See also: General comparison table for education statistics in the 50 states and Education spending per pupil in all 50 states

The following chart shows how North Dakota compares to the national level for the most recent years for which data is available.

Public education in North Dakota
State Schools Districts Students Teachers Teacher to pupil ratio Per pupil spending*
North Dakota 484 179 116,639 9,385 1:12.4 $14,242
United States 90,323 13,194 47,755,383 2,783,705 1:16 $13,494
*Per pupil spending data reflects information reported for fiscal year 2020.
Sources:

Education statistics in the United States
U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. School System Current Spending Per Pupil by Region: Fiscal Year 2020"
National Center for Education Statistics, "Fast Facts: High school graduation rates"

Academic performance

BP-Initials-UPDATED.png The sections below do not contain the most recently published data on this subject. If you would like to help our coverage grow, consider donating to Ballotpedia.

Education terms
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For more information on education policy terms, see this article.
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School board elections portal
Glossary of education terms
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot

NAEP scores

See also: NAEP scores by state

The National Center for Education Statistics provides state-by-state data on student achievement levels in mathematics and reading in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The table below presents the percentage of fourth and eighth-grade students that scored at or above proficient in reading and math during school year 2012-2013. Compared to three neighboring states (Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming), North Dakota had the highest share of eighth-grade students who scored at or above proficient in math.[3]

Percent of students scoring at or above proficient, 2012-2013
Math - Grade 4 Math - Grade 8 Reading - Grade 4 Reading - Grade 8
North Dakota 48% 41% 34% 34%
Montana 45% 40% 35% 40%
South Dakota 40% 38% 32% 36%
Wyoming 48% 38% 37% 38%
U.S. averages 41% 34% 34% 34%
Source: United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables"

Graduation, ACT and SAT scores

See also: Graduation rates by groups in state and ACT and SAT scores in the United States

The following table shows the graduation rates and average composite ACT and SAT scores for North Dakota and surrounding states during the 2012-2013 school year. All statements made in this section refer to that school year.[3][4][5]

In the United States, public schools reported graduation rates that averaged to about 81.4 percent. About 54 percent of all students in the country took the ACT while 50 percent reported taking the SAT. The average national composite scores for those tests were 20.9 out of a possible 36 for the ACT, and 1498 out of a possible 2400 for the SAT.[6]

North Dakota schools reported a graduation rate of 87.5 percent, highest among its neighboring states.

In North Dakota, more students took the ACT than the SAT, earning an average ACT score of 20.5.

Comparison table for graduation rates and test scores, 2012-2013
State Graduation rate, 2013 Average ACT composite, 2013 Average SAT composite, 2013
Percent Quintile ranking** Score Participation rate Score Participation rate
North Dakota 87.5% First 20.5 98% 1799 2%
Montana 84.4% Third 21.3 72% 1595 25%
South Dakota 82.7% Third 21.9 78% 1760 3%
Wyoming 77% Fourth 19.8 100% 1757 4%
United States 81.4% 20.9 54% 1498 50%
**Graduation rates for states in the first quintile ranked in the top 20 percent nationally. Similarly, graduation rates for states in the fifth quintile ranked in the bottom 20 percent nationally.
Sources: United States Department of Education, "ED Data Express"
ACT.org, "2013 ACT National and State Scores"
The Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT scores by state, 2013"

Dropout rate

See also: Public high school dropout rates by state for a full comparison of dropout rates by group in all states

The high school event dropout rate indicates the proportion of students who were enrolled at some time during the school year and were expected to be enrolled in grades nine through 12 in the following school year but were not enrolled by October 1 of the following school year. Students who have graduated, transferred to another school, died, moved to another country, or who are out of school due to illness are not considered dropouts. The average public high school event dropout rate for the United States remained constant at 3.3 percent for both school year 2010–2011 and school year 2011–2012. The event dropout rate for North Dakota was on par with the national average at 3.3 percent in the 2010-2011 school year. The dropout rate was lower than the national average at 3 percent in the 2011-2012 school year.[7]

Educational choice options

See also: School choice in North Dakota

School choice options in North Dakota included inter-district open enrollment and online learning programs. In addition, about 7.05 percent of school-age children in the state attended private schools in the 2011-2012 academic year, and an estimated 2.67 percent were homeschooled in 2012-2013.

Developments

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
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Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
Media coverage and commentary
U.S. Supreme Court 2019-2020 term
Blaine Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
Blaine amendments in state constitutions
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot
See also: Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue

On June 30, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, which concerned whether the government can exclude religious institutions from student-aid programs. The case related to Article X, Section 6 of the Montana Constitution, also known as Montana’s Blaine Amendment.[8]

In its 5-4 opinion, the court held that the application of Article X, Section 6 violated the free exercise clause of the U.S. Constitution. The majority held Article X, Section 6 barred religious schools and parents who wished to send their children to those schools from receiving public benefits because of the religious character of the school.[9]

The case addressed the tension between the free exercise and Establishment clauses of the U.S. Constitution—where one guarantees the right of individuals' free exercise of religion and the other guarantees that the state won't establish a religion—and the intersections of state constitutions with state law and with the U.S. Constitution.

North Dakota is one of the states with a Blaine Amendment.


Education funding and expenditures

See also: North Dakota state budget and finances
Breakdown of expenditures by function in fiscal year 2013
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

According to the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), states spent an average of 19.8 percent of their total budgets on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. In addition, the United States Census Bureau found that approximately 45.6 percent of the country's school system revenue came from state sources while about 45.3 percent came from local sources. The remaining portion of school system revenue came from federal sources.[10][11]

North Dakota spent approximately 15 percent of its budget on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. School system revenue came primarily from state funds. North Dakota spent the second highest percentage of its total budget on public education when compared to its neighboring states.

Comparison of financial figures for school systems, fiscal year 2013
State Percentage of budget Per pupil spending Revenue sources
Percent federal funds Percent state funds Percent local funds
North Dakota 15% $11,980 10.7% 50.3% 38.9%
Montana 15.5% $10,625 12.8% 47.7% 39.5%
South Dakota 14.1% $8,470 14.8% 31% 54.1%
Wyoming 10.9% $15,700 6.7% 52% 41.3%
United States 19.8% $10,700 9.1% 45.6% 45.3%
Sources: NASBO, "State Expenditure Report" (Table 8).
U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 5 and Table 8).

Revenue breakdowns

See also: Public school system revenues in the U.S. to compare all states.

According to the United States Census Bureau, public school system revenues totaled approximately $598 billion in fiscal year 2013.[11]

In North Dakota, the primary source of school system revenue was state funding during fiscal year 2013, at $685 million. North Dakota reported the second lowest total public education revenue when compared to its neighboring states.

Revenues by source, fiscal year 2013 (amounts in thousands)
State Federal revenue State revenue Local revenue Total revenue
North Dakota $145,905 $685,348 $530,337 $1,361,590
Montana $210,593 $788,329 $652,713 $1,651,635
South Dakota $194,731 $408,009 $711,591 $1,314,331
Wyoming $113,501 $881,114 $698,563 $1,693,178
United States $54,367,305 $272,916,892 $270,645,402 $597,929,599
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 1)

Expenditure breakdowns

See also: Public school system expenditures in the United States

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, public school system expenditures totaled approximately $602 billion in fiscal year 2012.[12]

Public education expenditures in North Dakota totaled approximately $1.3 billion in fiscal year 2012. North Dakota reported the second lowest total public education expenditures when compared to its neighboring states.

Expenditures by type, fiscal year 2012 (amounts in thousands)
State General expenditures Capital outlay Other Total expenditures
North Dakota $1,098,090 $160,058 $22,521 $1,280,669
Montana $1,504,531 $120,771 $29,324 $1,654,625
South Dakota $1,100,100 $172,739 $30,036 $1,302,875
Wyoming $1,432,216 $213,239 $10,455 $1,655,911
United States $527,096,473 $48,773,386 $25,897,123 $601,766,981
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)" (Table 5)

Personnel salaries

See also: Public school teacher salaries in the United States
Note: Salaries given are averages for the state. Salaries may vary between a state's urban, suburban, and rural districts and should be adjusted for cost of living. For example, a MacIver Institute study of average teacher salaries in 60 metropolitan areas found that salaries in New York City were the third-highest in absolute figures but 59th-highest when adjusted for the cost of living.[13]

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average national salary for classroom teachers in public elementary and secondary schools declined by 1.3 percent from the 1999-2000 school year to the 2012-2013 school year. During the same period in North Dakota, the average salary increased by 16 percent.[14]

Estimated average salaries for teachers (in constant dollars**)
1999-2000 2009-2010 2011-2012 2012-2013 Percent difference
North Dakota $40,810 $45,862 $46,825 $47,344 16%
Montana $43,896 $48,845 $49,354 $49,999 13.9%
South Dakota $39,728 $41,456 $39,450 $39,580 -0.4%
Wyoming $46,638 $59,628 $58,174 $57,920 24.2%
United States $57,133 $58,925 $56,340 $56,383 -1.3%
**"Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. The CPI does not account for differences in inflation rates from state to state."

Organizations

State agencies

See also: North Dakota Department of Public Instruction

The mission statement of the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction (DPI) reads:[15]

“ DPI will partner with schools and communities to provide a statewide system of excellent service and support to ensure a healthy school environment that fosters student success.[16] ”

The Superintendent of Public Instruction is the chief administrator of the Department of Public Instruction. The Superintendent of Public Instruction is elected to four-year terms. Kirsten Baesler began serving in the role in 2013.[17][18]

The State Board of Public School Education is responsible for "final approval of all school district reorganizations, annexations and dissolution plans." Board members serve six-year terms. The board is composed of seven members, six of whom are appointed by the governor. The composition of the board is as follows:[19][20]

  • The Superintendent of Public Instruction
  • A representative for Barnes, Cass, Grand Forks, Griggs, Nelson, Steele and Trail Counties
  • A representative for Benson, Bottineau, Cavalier, McHenry, Pembina, Pierce, Ramsey, Renville, Rolette, Towner and Walsh Counties
  • A representative for Dickey, Emmons, LaMoure, Logan, McIntosh, Ransom, Richland and Sargent Counties
  • A representative for Burleigh, Eddy, Foster, Kidder, McLean, Sheridan, Stutsman and Wells Counties
  • A representative for Burke, Divide, McKenzie, Mountrail, Ward and Williams Counties
  • A representative for Adams, Billings, Bowman, Dunn, Golden Valley, Grant, Hettinger, Mercer, Morton, Oliver, Sioux, Slope and Stark Counties

Unions

In 2012, the Fordham Institute and Education Reform Now assessed the power and influence of state teacher unions in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Their rankings were based on 37 different variables in five broad areas, including resources and membership, involvement in politics, scope of bargaining, state policies and perceived influence. North Dakota ranked 24th overall for union power and influence, or "average," which was in the third of five tiers.[21]

The main union related to the North Dakota school system is the North Dakota Education Association (NDEA), an affiliate of the National Education Association (NEA). For the 2003 tax period, NDEA had $2.22 million in total revenue, $2.22 million in total expenses and $2.42 million in total assets.[22]

List of local North Dakota school unions:[23]

Government sector lobbying

See also: North Dakota government sector lobbying

The main education government sector lobbying organization is the North Dakota School Boards Association. Another statewide association is the North Dakota Retired Teachers Association.

Transparency

In May 2009, legislation (Senate Bill 2018) passed that mandated the creation of a statewide spending transparency website by June 30, 2011.[24]

Studies and reports

Quality Counts 2014

See also: Education Week survey

Education Week, a publication that reports on many education issues throughout the country, began using an evaluation system in 1997 to grade each state on various elements of education performance. This system, called Quality Counts, uses official data on performance from each state to generate report cards for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The report card in 2014 uses six different categories:

  1. Chance for success
  2. K-12 achievement
  3. Standards, assessments and accountability
  4. The teaching profession
  5. School finance
  6. Transitions and alignment

Each of these six categories had a number of other elements that received individual scores. Those scores were then averaged and used to determine the final score in each category. Every state received two types of scores for each of the six major categories: A numerical score out of 100 and a letter grade based on that score. Education Week used the score for the first category, "chance for success," as the value for ranking each state and the District of Columbia. The average grade received in the entire country was 77.3, or a C+ average. The country's highest average score was in the category of "standards, assessments and accountability" at 85.3, or a B average. The lowest average score was in "K-12 achievement", at 70.2, or a C- average.

North Dakota received a score of 86.9, or a B+ average in the "chance for success" category. This was above the national average. Except for the "chance for success" category, the state's highest score was in "standards, assessments and accountability" at 85.4, or a B average. The lowest score was in "the teaching profession" at 66.6, or a D+ average. North Dakota had the highest score in the "chance for success" category when compared to neighboring states. The chart below displays the scores of North Dakota and its surrounding states.[25]

Note: Click on a column heading to sort the data.

Public education report cards, 2014
State Chance for success K-12 achievement Standards, assessments and accountability The teaching profession School finance Transitions and alignment
North Dakota 86.9 (B+) 68.2 (D+) 85.4 (B) 66.6 (D+) 76.8 (C+) 78.6 (C+)
Montana 76.3 (C) 69.7 (C-) 76.3 (C) 69.4 (D+) 73.0 (C) 60.7 (D-)
South Dakota 79.6 (B-) 63.2 (D) 73.0 (C) 60.8 (D-) 68.2 (D+) 64.3 (D)
Wyoming 79.9 (B-) 70.0 (C-) 79.3 (C+) 66.7 (D+) 90.3 (A-) 78.6 (C+)
United States average 77.3 (C+) 70.2 (C-) 85.3 (B) 72.5 (C) 75.5 (C) 81.1 (B-)
Source: Education Week, "Quality Counts 2014"

A full discussion of how these numbers were generated can be found here.

State Budget Solutions education study

See also: State spending on education v. academic performance (2012)

State Budget Solutions examined national trends in education from 2009 to 2011, including state-by-state analysis of education spending, graduation rates and average ACT scores. The study showed that the states that spent the most did not have the highest average ACT test scores, nor did they have the highest average graduation rates. A summary of the study is available here. The full report can be accessed here.

School districts

See also: School board elections portal

District types

All school districts in North Dakota are the same type. They are considered "public school districts" by law, are governed by an elected school board and have the power to levy taxes or take on debt for school purposes.[26]

School board composition

School board members are elected by residents of the school district. If a vacancy occurs, a new member may be appointed or elected by special election to fill the vacancy. School board members may be elected at large, by geographic area or at-large by geographic area. School boards may have five, seven or nine members elected to three-year or four-year terms.[27]

Term limits

North Dakota does not impose statewide term limits on school boards.[28]

Elections

See also: North Dakota school board elections, 2024

No North Dakota school districts within Ballotpedia's coverage scope are holding school board elections in 2024.

Our coverage scope for local elections continues to grow, and you can use Ballotpedia's sample ballot tool to see what school board elections we are covering in your area.


Path to the ballot

To be a school board candidate in North Dakota, an individual must be a registered voter in the school district in which they wish to represent.[28] In order to get on the ballot, school board candidates must file a document declaring the candidate's name and the position sought as well as a statement of interests. These must be filed with the school district business manager by the 64th day before the election.[27]

Campaign finance

School district candidates are not required to file campaign financial disclosure reports.[29]

Recent legislation

The following is a list of recent education bills that have been introduced in or passed by the North Dakota state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.


Education ballot measures

See also: Education on the ballot and List of North Dakota ballot measures

Ballotpedia has tracked the following statewide ballot measures relating to education.

  1. North Dakota State Board of Higher Education Membership, Measure 1 (2000)
  2. North Dakota Board of Higher Education Initiative (1938)
  3. North Dakota Sales Tax for Schools and Relief Initiative (1940)
  4. North Dakota Prohibiting School Teachers Religious Dress, Initiative 1 (1948)
  5. North Dakota Repeal of Teachers Minimum Training and Salary Initiative (1922)
  6. North Dakota Teacher Certification Initiative (1920)
  7. North Dakota Basis of Need Payments State Equalization Fund Initiative (1940)
  8. North Dakota Reallocating Basis of Need Payments Initiative (1940)
  9. North Dakota School for the Blind Construction Appropriation, Initiative 3 (1958)
  10. North Dakota School District Reorganization, Initiative 5 (1958)
  11. North Dakota School Board Proceedings Publication Initiative, Number 5 (1966)
  12. North Dakota Maximum School Taxes Initiative (1934)
  13. North Dakota Earmarking Sales Tax for Schools and Relief Initiative (1940)
  14. North Dakota State Loan Fund Issue (1955)
  15. North Dakota Junior College Control Initiative, Measure 4 (1984)
  16. North Dakota Common Schools Trust Fund, Constitutional Measure 1 (2006)
  17. North Dakota Board of Higher Education, Measure 2 (1994)
  18. North Dakota Board of Higher Education Members, Measure 3 (1990)
  19. North Dakota Final Offer Resolution, Measure 3 (1992)
  20. North Dakota Scholarship Board and Fund, Initiative 2 (1956)
  21. North Dakota Youth Initiative, Initiated Statutory Measure 3 (2002)
  22. North Dakota Agricultural College Name Change Initiative, Amendment 3 (1960)
  23. North Dakota University "Fighting Sioux" Referendum, Measure 4 (June 2012)
  24. North Dakota Commission of Higher Education Amendment, Measure 3 (2014)
  25. North Dakota School Year Begins After Labor Day Initiative, Measure 8 (2014)
  26. North Dakota Investment of School Fund Referendum (1908)
  27. North Dakota Minot Normal School Referendum (1910)
  28. North Dakota Acquiring School Lands Referendum (1912)
  29. North Dakota Dickinson Normal School Referendum (1916)
  30. North Dakota Board of Administration Referendum (1919)
  31. North Dakota Reform School Referendum (1920)
  32. North Dakota School Funds Referendum (1920)
  33. North Dakota Removal School for the Blind Referendum, Amendment 1 (1950)
  34. North Dakota Investment of Permanent School Fund Referendum, Amendment 2 (1950)
  35. North Dakota Location of School for the Blind Referendum, Amendment 3 (1952)
  36. North Dakota Tax Allocation, Initiative 4 (1954)
  37. North Dakota Williston Educational Institution, Referendum 6 (1956)
  38. North Dakota Change Name of Agricultural College, Initiative 4 (1958)
  39. North Dakota Agricultural and Educational Funding Separation, Referendum 2 (1962)
  40. North Dakota School District Taxes, Referendum 5 (1963)
  41. North Dakota Agricultural and Educational Funding Separation, Referendum 1 (1964)
  42. North Dakota County Superintendents Referendum, Number 2 (1966)
  43. North Dakota Higher Education Costs Referendum, Number 1 (1968)
  44. North Dakota Investment of Institutional Trust Funds Referendum, Amendment 3 (1970)
  45. North Dakota Ellendale Branch Repeal Referendum, Amendment 2 (1972)
  46. North Dakota Boards of Education Referendum, Amendment 5 (1976)
  47. North Dakota Board of Higher Education Qualifications and Compensation Referendum, Amendment 1 (1976)
  48. North Dakota Board of Higher Education Nominating Committee Referendum, Measure 5 (1982)
  49. North Dakota School Trust Fund Deposit and Use Referendum, Measure 3 (1982)
  50. North Dakota Minot State College Name Change Referendum, Measure 3 (1984)
  51. North Dakota Board of Higher Education, Measure 2 (1988)
  52. North Dakota Healthcare Education Program, Measure 8 (1989)
  53. North Dakota Sales Tax Increase for Education, Measure 4 (1990)
  54. North Dakota Board of Higher Education Membership, Measure 1 (1996)
  55. North Dakota Higher Education Institution References, Measure 1 (1998)
  56. North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1, Board of Higher Education Membership Amendment (2020)

In the news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms North Dakota education policy. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Public education in North Dakota - Google News

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "U.S. School System Current Spending Per Pupil by Region: Fiscal Year 2020," May 18, 2022
  2. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Fast Facts: High school graduation rates," accessed September 28, 2022
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables," accessed May 13, 2014
  4. ↑ ACT, "2012 ACT National and State Scores," accessed May 13, 2014
  5. ↑ Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT Scores by State 2013," October 10, 2013
  6. ↑ StudyPoints, "What's a good SAT score or ACT score?" accessed June 7, 2015
  7. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Dropout and Graduation Rate Data File, School Year 2010-11, Provision Version 1a and School Year 2011-12, Preliminary Version 1a," accessed May 13, 2014
  8. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue: "Petition for a writ of certiorari," accessed July 3, 2019
  9. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, decided June 30, 2020
  10. ↑ NASBO, "State Expenditure Report," accessed July 2, 2015
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports," accessed July 2, 2015
  12. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)," accessed July 2, 2015
  13. ↑ Maciver Institute, "REPORT: How much are teachers really paid?" accessed October 29, 2014
  14. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 211.60. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2012-13," accessed May 13, 2014
  15. ↑ North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, "About DPI," accessed June 3, 2014
  16. ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  17. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article V, Section 2," accessed June 3, 2014
  18. ↑ North Dakota Department of Public Instruction, "State Superintendent," accessed June 3, 2014
  19. ↑ North Dakota Century Code, "Title I5.1, Chapter 15.1-01-01," accessed June 3, 2014
  20. ↑ North Dakota Office of the Governor, "Boards and Commissions, State Board of Public School Education," accessed June 3, 2014
  21. ↑ Thomas E Fordham Institute, " How Strong Are U.S. Teacher Unions? A State-By-State Comparison," October 29, 2012
  22. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "North Dakota Education Association," accessed April 20, 2010
  23. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "North Dakota teachers unions," accessed April 20, 2010 (dead link)
  24. ↑ North Dakota Policy Council, "State to post expenditures online," May 10, 2009
  25. ↑ Education Week "Quality Counts 2014," accessed February 19, 2015
  26. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "North Dakota," accessed July 10, 2014
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 North Dakota Century Code, "Section 15.1-09," accessed July 10, 2014
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 North Dakota Secretary of State, "Qualifications and Terms of Office for all Elected Positions in North Dakota," accessed July 10, 2014
  29. ↑ North Dakota Secretary of State, "School District Office," accessed July 10, 2014
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