Public education in Louisiana

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K-12 education in Louisiana
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Education facts
State superintendent:
Cade Brumley
Number of students:
637,434
Number of teachers:
34,642
Teacher/pupil ratio:
1:18.4
Number of school districts:
72
Number of schools:
1,214
Graduation rate:
80%
Per-pupil spending:
$11,843
See also
Louisiana Department of Education • List of school districts in Louisiana • Louisiana • School boards portal
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Public education in the United States
Public education in Louisiana
Glossary of education terms
Note: The statistics on this page are mainly from government sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Center for Education Statistics. Figures given were the most recent as of June 2015.

The Louisiana public school system (prekindergarten through grade 12) operates within districts governed by locally elected school boards and superintendents. In 2022, Louisiana had 637,434 students enrolled in a total of 1,214 schools in 72 school districts. There were 34,642 teachers in the public schools, or roughly one teacher for every 18 students, compared to the national average of 1:16. In 2020, Louisiana spent on average $11,843 per pupil.[1] The state's graduation rate was 80 percent in the 2018-2019 school year.[2]


General information

See also: General comparison table for education statistics in the 50 states and Education spending per pupil in all 50 states

The following chart shows how Louisiana compares to the national level for the most recent years for which data is available.

Public education in Louisiana
State Schools Districts Students Teachers Teacher to pupil ratio Per pupil spending*
Louisiana 1,214 72 637,434 34,642 1:18.4 $11,843
United States 90,323 13,194 47,755,383 2,783,705 1:16 $13,494
*Per pupil spending data reflects information reported for fiscal year 2020.
Sources:

Education statistics in the United States
U.S. Census Bureau, "U.S. School System Current Spending Per Pupil by Region: Fiscal Year 2020"
National Center for Education Statistics, "Fast Facts: High school graduation rates"

Academic performance

BP-Initials-UPDATED.png The sections below do not contain the most recently published data on this subject. If you would like to help our coverage grow, consider donating to Ballotpedia.

Education terms
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For more information on education policy terms, see this article.
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School board elections portal
Glossary of education terms
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot

NAEP scores

See also: NAEP scores by state

The National Center for Education Statistics provides state-by-state data on student achievement levels in mathematics and reading in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The table below presents the percentage of fourth and eighth grade students that scored at or above proficient in reading and math during school year 2012-2013. Compared to three neighboring states (Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi), Louisiana tied with Mississippi for the lowest percentage of fourth grade students who scored at or above proficient in math during the 2012-2013 school year.[3]

Percent of students scoring at or above proficient, 2012-2013
Math - Grade 4 Math - Grade 8 Reading - Grade 4 Reading - Grade 8
Louisiana 26% 21% 23% 24%
Alabama 38% 20% 31% 25%
Arkansas 39% 28% 32% 30%
Mississippi 26% 21% 21% 20%
U.S. average 41% 34% 34% 34%
Source: United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables"

Graduation, ACT and SAT scores

See also: Graduation rates by groups in state and ACT and SAT scores in the United States

The following table shows the graduation rates and average composite ACT and SAT scores for Louisiana and surrounding states during the 2012-2013 school year. All statements made in this section refer to that school year.[3][4][5]

In the United States, public schools reported graduation rates that averaged to about 81.4 percent. About 54 percent of all students in the country took the ACT, while 50 percent reported taking the SAT. The average national composite scores for those tests were 20.9 out of a possible 36 for the ACT, and 1498 out of a possible 2400 for the SAT.[6]

Louisiana schools reported a graduation rate of 73.5 percent during the 2012-2013 school year, lowest among its neighboring states.

In Louisiana, more students took the ACT than the SAT in 2013, earning an average ACT score of 19.5.

Comparison table for graduation rates and test scores, 2012-2013
State Graduation rate, 2013 Average ACT composite, 2013 Average SAT composite, 2013
Percent Quintile ranking** Score Participation rate Score Participation rate
Louisiana 73.5% Fifth 19.5 100% 1655 5%
Alabama 80% Fourth 20.4 78% 1608 7%
Arkansas 84.9% Second 20.2 90% 1697 4%
Mississippi 75.5% Fifth 18.9 95% 1673 3%
United States 81.4% 20.9 54% 1498 50%
**Graduation rates for states in the first quintile ranked in the top 20 percent nationally. Similarly, graduation rates for states in the fifth quintile ranked in the bottom 20 percent nationally.
Sources: United States Department of Education, "ED Data Express"
ACT.org, "2013 ACT National and State Scores"
The Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT scores by state, 2013"

Dropout rate

See also: Public high school dropout rates by state for a full comparison of dropout rates by group in all states

The high school event dropout rate indicates the proportion of students who were enrolled at some time during the school year and were expected to be enrolled in grades nine through 12 in the following school year but were not enrolled by October 1 of the following school year. Students who have graduated, transferred to another school, died, moved to another country, or who are out of school due to illness are not considered dropouts. The average public high school event dropout rate for the United States remained constant at 3.3 percent for both school year 2010–2011 and school year 2011–2012. The event dropout rate for Louisiana was higher than the national average at 3.9 percent in the 2010-2011 school year, and 5.7 percent in the 2011-2012 school year.[7]

Educational choice options

See also: School choice in Louisiana

School choice options in Louisiana included charter schools, school vouchers, school choice tax credits, intra-district and inter-district enrollment policies and online learning programs. In addition, about 16.31 percent of school-age children in the state attended private schools in the 2011-2012 academic year, and an estimated 2.67 percent were homeschooled in 2012-2013.

Developments

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue (2020)

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
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Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
Media coverage and commentary
U.S. Supreme Court 2019-2020 term
Blaine Amendment (U.S. Constitution)
Blaine amendments in state constitutions
School choice on the ballot
Education on the ballot
See also: Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue

On June 30, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, which concerned whether the government can exclude religious institutions from student-aid programs. The case related to Article X, Section 6 of the Montana Constitution, also known as Montana’s Blaine Amendment.[8]

In its 5-4 opinion, the court held that the application of Article X, Section 6 violated the free exercise clause of the U.S. Constitution. The majority held Article X, Section 6 barred religious schools and parents who wished to send their children to those schools from receiving public benefits because of the religious character of the school.[9]

The case addressed the tension between the free exercise and Establishment clauses of the U.S. Constitution—where one guarantees the right of individuals' free exercise of religion and the other guarantees that the state won't establish a religion—and the intersections of state constitutions with state law and with the U.S. Constitution.

Louisiana is not one of the states with a Blaine Amendment.


Education funding and expenditures

See also: Louisiana state budget and finances
Breakdown of expenditures by function in fiscal year 2013
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers

According to the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), states spent an average of 19.8 percent of their total budgets on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. In addition, the United States Census Bureau found that approximately 45.6 percent of the country's school system revenue came from state sources, while about 45.3 percent came from local sources. The remaining portion of school system revenue came from federal sources.[10][11]

Louisiana spent approximately 19.3 percent of its budget on elementary and secondary education during fiscal year 2013. The state school systems' revenue came primarily from local funds. Louisiana spent the second highest percentage of its total budget on public education when compared to its neighboring states.

Comparison of financial figures for school systems, fiscal year 2013
State Percentage of budget Per pupil spending Revenue sources
Percent federal funds Percent state funds Percent local funds
Louisiana 19.3% $10,490 15.2% 41.7% 43.1%
Alabama 20.4% $8,755 11.3% 54.5% 34.2%
Arkansas 15.6% $9,394 11.3% 76.2% 12.5%
Mississippi 16.4% $8,130 16% 49.9% 34.1%
United States 19.8% $10,700 9.1% 45.6% 45.3%
Sources: NASBO, "State Expenditure Report" (Table 8).
U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 5 and Table 8).

Revenue breakdowns

See also: Public school system revenues in the U.S. to compare all states.

According to the United States Census Bureau, public school system revenues totaled approximately $598 billion in fiscal year 2013.[11]

In Louisiana, the primary source of school system revenue was local funding, at $3.5 billion. When compared to its neighboring states, Louisiana was the only state to receive the majority of its revenue from local sources.

Revenues by source, fiscal year 2013 (amounts in thousands)
State Federal revenue State revenue Local revenue Total revenue
Louisiana $1,229,248 $3,370,399 $3,484,625 $8,084,272
Alabama $811,739 $3,898,347 $2,443,158 $7,153,244
Arkansas $572,096 $3,847,045 $631,643 $5,050,784
Mississippi $707,522 $2,213,501 $1,511,995 $4,433,018
United States $54,367,305 $272,916,892 $270,645,402 $597,929,599
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports" (Table 1)

Expenditure breakdowns

See also: Public school system expenditures in the United States

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, public school system expenditures totaled approximately $602 billion in fiscal year 2012.[12]

Public education expenditures in Louisiana totaled approximately $8.5 billion in fiscal year 2012. This was the greatest reported total expenditures when compared to Louisiana's neighboring states.

Expenditures by type, fiscal year 2012 (amounts in thousands)
State General expenditures Capital outlay Other Total expenditures
Louisiana $7,544,782 $744,610 $168,301 $8,457,692
Alabama $6,386,517 $582,174 $260,609 $7,229,299
Arkansas $4,606,995 $625,078 $161,257 $5,393,330
Mississippi $3,972,787 $402,465 $97,791 $4,341,018
United States $527,096,473 $48,773,386 $25,897,123 $601,766,981
Source: National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)" (Table 5)

Personnel salaries

See also: Public school teacher salaries in the United States
Note: Salaries given are averages for the state. Salaries may vary between a state's urban, suburban, and rural districts and should be adjusted for cost of living. For example, a MacIver Institute study of average teacher salaries in 60 metropolitan areas found that salaries in New York City were the third-highest in absolute figures but 59th-highest when adjusted for the cost of living.[13]

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the average national salary for classroom teachers in public elementary and secondary schools declined by 1.3 percent from the 1999-2000 school year to the 2012-2013 school year. During the same period in Louisiana, the average salary increased by 13.6 percent.[14]

Estimated average salaries for teachers (in constant dollars**)
1999-2000 2009-2010 2011-2012 2012-2013 Percent difference
Louisiana $45,246 $52,201 $51,014 $51,381 13.6%
Alabama $50,139 $50,779 $48,802 $47,949 -4.4%
Arkansas $45,625 $49,850 $47,085 $46,632 2.2%
Mississippi $43,535 $48,722 $42,339 $41,994 -3.5%
United States $57,133 $58,925 $56,340 $56,383 -1.3%
**"Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. The CPI does not account for differences in inflation rates from state to state."

Organizations

State agencies

See also: Louisiana Department of Education

The Louisiana Department of Education is helmed by the Superintendent of Education, who is appointed by the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. Beth Scioneaux was appointed as acting superintendent in March 2020 following the resignation of former superintendent John White.[15]

The Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) is the administrative body governing the state's public elementary and secondary schools as well as some non-public schools. The board is composed of 11 members, eight of whom are elected by district and three of whom are appointed by the Governor to represent the state at-large. Members serve four-year terms.[16]

The mission statement of BESE reads:[17]

“ The Board of Elementary and Secondary Education shall provide leadership and create policies for education that expand opportunities for children, empower families and communities, and advance Louisiana in an increasingly competitive global market.[18] ”

Unions

In 2012 the Fordham Institute and Education Reform Now assessed the power and influence of state teacher unions in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Their rankings were based on 37 different variables in five broad areas: resources and membership, involvement in politics, scope of bargaining, state policies and perceived influence. Louisiana ranked 42nd overall, or "weakest," which was in the fifth of five tiers.[19]

The main unions related to the Louisiana school system are the Louisiana Association of Educators (LEA), an affiliate of the National Education Association (NEA), and the Louisiana Federation of Teachers (LFT). LEA is the largest education association in the state. For the 2003 tax period LEA had $3.6 million in total revenue, $3.2 million in total expenses and $3.7 million in total assets.[20] For the same period, LFT had $1.8 million in total revenue, $2.4 million in total expenses and $826,009 in total assets.[21]

List of local Louisiana school unions:[22]

Government sector lobbying

See also: Louisiana government sector lobbying

The main education government sector lobbying organization is the Louisiana School Boards Association.

Transparency

On November 12, 2008, Louisiana launched a spending transparency database, Louisiana Transparency and Accountability (La TRAC). La TRAC contains all executive branch spending for the state of Louisiana, including higher education. It also includes a vendor search, as well as a link to performance evaluations for state agencies (through La PAS).

Studies and reports

Quality Counts 2014

See also: Education Week survey

Education Week, a publication that reports on many education issues throughout the country, began using an evaluation system in 1997 to grade each state on various elements of education performance. This system, called Quality Counts, uses official data on performance from each state to generate report cards for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The report card in 2014 uses six different categories:

  1. Chance for success
  2. K-12 achievement
  3. Standards, assessments and accountability
  4. The teaching profession
  5. School finance
  6. Transitions and alignment

Each of these six categories had a number of other elements that received individual scores. Those scores were then averaged and used to determine the final score in each category. Every state received two types of scores for each of the six major categories: A numerical score out of 100 and a letter grade based on that score. Education Week used the score for the first category, "chance for success," as the value for ranking each state and the District of Columbia. The average grade received in the entire country was 77.3, or a C+ average. The country's highest average score was in the category of "standards, assessments and accountability" at 85.3, or a B average. The lowest average score was in "K-12 achievement", at 70.2, or a C- average.

Louisiana received a score of 69.9, or a C- average in the "chance for success" category. This was below the national average. The state's highest score was in "standards, assessments and accountability" at 97.2, or an A average. The lowest score was in "K-12 achievement" at 59.8, or a D- average. Louisiana had the second highest score in the country in the "standards, assessments and accountability" category. The chart below displays the scores of Louisiana and its surrounding states.[23]

Note: Click on a column heading to sort the data.

Public education report cards, 2014
State Chance for success K-12 achievement Standards, assessments and accountability The teaching profession School finance Transitions and alignment
Louisiana 69.9 (C-) 59.8 (D-) 97.2 (A) 79.6 (B-) 74.9 (C) 92.9 (A)
Alabama 72.0 (C-) 62.2 (D-) 92.2 (A-) 74.8 (C) 71.1 (C-) 85.7 (B)
Arkansas 71.8 (C-) 66.7 (D+) 94.4 (A) 88.0 (B+) 74.1 (C) 96.4 (A)
Mississippi 68.9 (D+) 57.1 (F) 92.8 (A) 66.5 (D) 64.9 (D) 75.0 (C)
United States average 77.3 (C+) 70.2 (C-) 85.3 (B) 72.5 (C) 75.5 (C) 81.1 (B-)
Source: Education Week, "Quality Counts 2014"

A full discussion of how these numbers were generated can be found here.

State Budget Solutions education study

See also: State spending on education v. academic performance (2012)

State Budget Solutions examined national trends in education from 2009 to 2011, including state-by-state analysis of education spending, graduation rates and average ACT scores. The study showed that the states that spent the most did not have the highest average ACT test scores, nor did they have the highest average graduation rates. A summary of the study is available here. The full report can be accessed here.

School districts

See also: School board elections portal

District types

Most of Louisiana's school districts are called "parish school boards." There are also a select number of city school districts that were each established by special act and constitutional amendment. Those are Baker, Bogalusa, Central, Monroe and Zachary Community School District, Louisiana.[24]

School board composition

The composition of school boards in Louisiana varies widely; they can have anywhere from seven to 15 members. Each local school board is responsible for establishing its own size, policies and procedures.[25] They generally serve four-year terms, with elections occurring in even-numbered years.

Term limits

Act 386 of the 2012 legislative session provided for an election in every school district, with limited exceptions*, on November 6, 2012, to determine whether the members of the local school board in each district shall have term limits. In the November election of 2012, term limits were approved by voters in every school district in which the measure was on the ballot.[26]

  • Act 386 did not apply to the Recovery School District (which is operated by the DOE and has no board), the governing authority of any charter school and the school boards of Lafayette Parish and Jefferson Parish (which already had term limits in effect).[26][27]

Elections

See also: Louisiana school board elections, 2024

The table below contains links to all school board elections covered by Ballotpedia in 2024 in this state. This list may not include all school districts with elections in 2024. Ballotpedia's coverage includes all school districts in the 100 largest cities by population and the 200 largest school districts by student enrollment.

Editor's note: Some school districts choose to cancel the primary election, or both the primary and general election, if the number of candidates who filed does not meet a certain threshold. The table below does not reflect which primary or general elections were canceled. Please click through to each school district's page for more information.

2024 Louisiana School Board Elections
District Primary General Election General Runoff Election Regular term length Seats up for election Total board seats 2017-2018 enrollment
Caddo Parish Public Schools 3/23/2024 4/27/2024 N/A 4 1 12 39,326
East Baton Rouge Parish School System 3/23/2024 4/27/2024 N/A 4 1 9 40,285
Orleans Parish School Board 11/5/2024 12/7/2024 N/A 4 7 7 4,952


Path to the ballot

In order to become a candidate for a school board in Louisiana, the Louisiana Secretary of State outlines the following:

“ By the date of qualification, the candidate shall have attained the age of 18, resided in Louisiana for the preceding 2 years, and have been actually domiciled for the preceding year in the parish, ward, or district from which the candidate seeks election. The candidate shall be able to read and write. At the next regular election following reapportionment an elector may qualify in any district created in whole or in part from a district existing prior to reapportionment if he was domiciled in the prior district for at least 1 year immediately preceding his qualification and was a resident of Louisiana for the 2 years preceding his qualification. If elected must change domicile to district before being sworn in. No person elected to serve as a member of a school board for more than two and one-half terms in three consecutive terms, such service being during terms that began on or after January 1, 2014, shall be elected for the succeeding term.[18] ”
—Louisiana Secretary of State, (2013)[28]

Recent legislation

The following is a list of recent education bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Louisiana state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.


Education ballot measures

See also: Education on the ballot and List of Louisiana ballot measures

Ballotpedia has tracked the following statewide ballot measures relating to education.

  1. Louisiana Rapides Parish School Grant, Amendment 9 (October 1999)
  2. Louisiana Appropriations for Education, Amendment 7 (October 1999)
  3. Louisiana Zachary School System, Amendment 3 (1999)
  4. Louisiana Education Act, Ballot Measure 4 (October 2003)
  5. Louisiana Lottery Proceeds for Education Act, Ballot Measure 9 (October 2003)
  6. Louisiana School Board Financial Burden Prohibition, Amendment 9 (September 2006)
  7. Louisiana Central Community School System Act, Amendment 8 (2006)
  8. Louisiana Appointment to the Board of Regents Guidelines, Amendment 2 (1998)
  9. Louisiana Colleges to Acquire Stock, Amendment 8 (October 1990)
  10. Louisiana Endowed Funds of Colleges and Universities Act, Amendment 10 (September 2006)
  11. Louisiana Name of Board of Trustees of University of Louisiana System, Amendment 1 (1998)
  12. Louisiana Higher Education Council Amendment (1968)
  13. Louisiana State Board of Education Amendment (1968)
  14. Louisiana Board of Supervisors Amendment (1970)
  15. Louisiana Orleans Parish School Board Amendment (1970)
  16. Louisiana Rapides Parish School District Amendment (1970)
  17. Louisiana Creation of New Educational Institutions Amendment (1970)
  18. Louisiana Vocational Education Tax Amendment (1972)
  19. Louisiana Orleans Parish School Board Amendment (1972)
  20. Louisiana State Board of Education Amendment (1979)
  21. Louisiana Higher Education Board Student Members Amendment (1980)
  22. Louisiana Educational Funding Amendment (1987)
  23. Louisiana Limit Administrative Spending, Amendment 3 (October 1990)
  24. Louisiana Board of Regents Amendment (October 1991)
  25. Louisiana Higher Education Fund Amendment (October 1991)
  26. Louisiana Board of Regents Amendment (October 1992)
  27. Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education Amendment (1992)
  28. Louisiana Baker and Rapides School Districts Amendment (October 1995)
  29. Louisiana Community College System, Amendment 1 (October 1998)

In the news

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Louisiana education policy. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Public education in Louisiana - Google News

See also

External links

Additional reading

Footnotes

  1. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "U.S. School System Current Spending Per Pupil by Region: Fiscal Year 2020," May 18, 2022
  2. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Fast Facts: High school graduation rates," accessed September 28, 2022
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 United States Department of Education, ED Data Express, "State Tables," accessed May 13, 2014
  4. ↑ ACT, "2012 ACT National and State Scores," accessed May 13, 2014
  5. ↑ Commonwealth Foundation, "SAT Scores by State 2013," October 10, 2013
  6. ↑ StudyPoints, "What's a good SAT score or ACT score?" accessed June 7, 2015
  7. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data (CCD), State Dropout and Graduation Rate Data File, School Year 2010-11, Provision Version 1a and School Year 2011-12, Preliminary Version 1a," accessed May 13, 2014
  8. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue: "Petition for a writ of certiorari," accessed July 3, 2019
  9. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, decided June 30, 2020
  10. ↑ NASBO, "State Expenditure Report," accessed July 2, 2015
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 U.S. Census Bureau, "Public Education Finances: 2013, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division Reports," accessed July 2, 2015
  12. ↑ National Center for Education Statistics, "Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: School Year 2011–12 (Fiscal Year 2012)," accessed July 2, 2015
  13. ↑ Maciver Institute, "REPORT: How much are teachers really paid?" accessed October 29, 2014
  14. ↑ United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Table 211.60. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2012-13," accessed May 13, 2014
  15. ↑ Louisiana State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, "BESE approves increase in school funding formula," March 11, 2020
  16. ↑ Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, "Structure," accessed May 19, 2014
  17. ↑ Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education, "Vision, Mission, Philosophy, Goals," accessed May 19, 2014
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
  19. ↑ Thomas E Fordham Institute, " How Strong Are U.S. Teacher Unions? A State-By-State Comparison," October 29, 2012
  20. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "Louisiana Association of Educators," accessed September 1, 2009
  21. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "Louisiana Federation of Teachers," accessed September 1, 2009
  22. ↑ Center for Union Facts, "Louisiana teachers unions," accessed September 1, 2009
  23. ↑ Education Week "Quality Counts 2014," accessed February 19, 2015
  24. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "Louisiana," accessed July 11, 2014
  25. ↑ Louisiana State Legislature, "Powers and Duties of School Boards and Parish Superintendents," accessed July 11, 2014
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Project Vote Smart, "HB 292 - School Board Member Term Limits - Key Vote," accessed July 11, 2014
  27. ↑ The Town Talk, "Another View: Term limits for Louisiana school board members could boost interest," October 27, 2012
  28. ↑ Louisiana Secretary of State, "Qualifications of Candidates," June, 2013
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