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. 2022 Sep 9:10:946697.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.946697. eCollection 2022.

Anxiety, depression, stress, worry about COVID-19 and fear of loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown in Peru: A network analysis approach

José Ventura-León  1 , Renato López-Jurado  2 , Emilia Porturas  2 , Irina León-Mostacero  2 , Sherily Edith Canchanya-Balbin  3
Affiliations

Anxiety, depression, stress, worry about COVID-19 and fear of loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown in Peru: A network analysis approach

José Ventura-León et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationships between symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, worry about COVID-19 and fear of loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown in Peru using network analysis. There were 854 participants aged 18 to 50 years (Mean = 36.54; SD = 9.23); 634 females (74.20%) and 220 males (25.80%), who completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Preoccupation with COVID-19 Contagion (PRE-COVID-19), Brief Scale of Fear of Loneliness (BSFL). A partial unregularized network was estimated through the ggmModSelect function. Expected influence (EI) and bridging EI values were calculated to identify central symptoms and bridging symptoms respectively. The results reveal those two symptoms of depression-stress and anxiety-were the most central symptoms in the network. Depressive symptoms are at the same time the most comorbid and it is shown that there are no differences in the network when compared between those who left home and those who did not leave home during lockdown. Depressive symptoms are concluded to be central and bridging in the network and interconnected with some symptoms of stress and anxiety. These findings may be important to understand the experience of COVID-19 lockdown in Peru.

Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown; clinical disorders; fear of loneliness; network analysis; worry about COVID-19.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Network model of anxiety, depression, stress, worry about COVID-19 and fear of loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown in Peru. Expected influence statistics are shown in the left panel.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Stability and precision of the estimated network. (A) Stability of centrality indices, (B) Precision of network edges.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Expected Bridge Influence (EBI). Values are given as Z-scores, with higher values indicating more influential nodes in the network.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Networks relating to going out or not during lockdown and centrality measure.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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