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Review
. 2022 May 9;5(5):CD004381.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub4.

Music therapy for autistic people

Monika Geretsegger  1 , Laura Fusar-Poli  2 , Cochavit Elefant  3 , Karin A Mössler  1 , Giovanni Vitale  4 , Christian Gold  1   5
Affiliations
Review

Music therapy for autistic people

Monika Geretsegger et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Social interaction and social communication are among the central areas of difficulty for autistic people. Music therapy uses music experiences and the relationships that develop through them to enable communication and expression, thus attempting to address some of the core problems of autistic people. Music therapy has been applied in autism since the early 1950s, but its availability to autistic individuals varies across countries and settings. The application of music therapy requires specialised academic and clinical training which enables therapists to tailor the intervention to the specific needs of the individual. The present version of this review on music therapy for autistic people is an update of the previous Cochrane review update published in 2014 (following the original Cochrane review published in 2006).

Objectives: To review the effects of music therapy, or music therapy added to standard care, for autistic people.

Search methods: In August 2021, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, eleven other databases and two trials registers. We also ran citation searches, checked reference lists, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomised trials and controlled clinical trials comparing music therapy (or music therapy alongside standard care) to 'placebo' therapy, no treatment, or standard care for people with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder were considered for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. Four authors independently selected studies and extracted data from all included studies. We synthesised the results of included studies in meta-analyses. Four authors independently assessed risk of bias (RoB) of each included study using the original RoB tool as well as the certainty of evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included 16 new studies in this update which brought the total number of included studies to 26 (1165 participants). These studies examined the short- and medium-term effect of music therapy (intervention duration: three days to eight months) for autistic people in individual or group settings. More than half of the studies were conducted in North America or Asia. Twenty-one studies included children aged from two to 12 years. Five studies included children and adolescents, and/or young adults. Severity levels, language skills, and cognition were widely variable across studies. Measured immediately post-intervention, music therapy compared with 'placebo' therapy or standard care was more likely to positively effect global improvement (risk ratio (RR) 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 1.40; 8 studies, 583 participants; moderate-certainty evidence; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) = 11 for low-risk population, 95% CI 6 to 39; NNTB = 6 for high-risk population, 95% CI 3 to 21) and to slightly increase quality of life (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.49; 3 RCTs, 340 participants; moderate-certainty evidence, small to medium effect size). In addition, music therapy probably results in a large reduction in total autism symptom severity (SMD -0.83, 95% CI -1.41 to -0.24; 9 studies, 575 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). No clear evidence of a difference between music therapy and comparison groups at immediately post-intervention was found for social interaction (SMD 0.26, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.57, 12 studies, 603 participants; low-certainty evidence); non-verbal communication (SMD 0.26, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.55; 7 RCTs, 192 participants; low-certainty evidence); and verbal communication (SMD 0.30, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.78; 8 studies, 276 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies investigated adverse events with one (36 participants) reporting no adverse events; the other study found no differences between music therapy and standard care immediately post-intervention (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.39 to 5.94; 1 study, 290 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this updated review provide evidence that music therapy is probably associated with an increased chance of global improvement for autistic people, likely helps them to improve total autism severity and quality of life, and probably does not increase adverse events immediately after the intervention. The certainty of the evidence was rated as 'moderate' for these four outcomes, meaning that we are moderately confident in the effect estimate. No clear evidence of a difference was found for social interaction, non-verbal communication, and verbal communication measured immediately post-intervention. For these outcomes, the certainty of the evidence was rated as 'low' or 'very low', meaning that the true effect may be substantially different from these results. Compared with earlier versions of this review, the new studies included in this update helped to increase the certainty and applicability of this review's findings through larger sample sizes, extended age groups, longer periods of intervention and inclusion of follow-up assessments, and by predominantly using validated scales measuring generalised behaviour (i.e. behaviour outside of the therapy context). This new evidence is important for autistic individuals and their families as well as for policymakers, service providers and clinicians, to help in decisions around the types and amount of intervention that should be provided and in the planning of resources. The applicability of the findings is still limited to the age groups included in the studies, and no direct conclusions can be drawn about music therapy in autistic individuals above the young adult age. More research using rigorous designs, relevant outcome measures, and longer-term follow-up periods is needed to corroborate these findings and to examine whether the effects of music therapy are enduring.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03267095 NCT03560297 NCT04557488 NCT04936048.

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Conflict of interest statement

Cochavit Elefant (CE), Monika Geretsegger (MG), Christian Gold (CG), and Karin Mössler (KM) are clinically trained music therapists. CE, MG and KM report having been involved in publications from one study included in this review (Bieleninik 2017), without it supporting or influencing their work on this review; the study was funded by the Research Council of Norway (grant 213844, the Clinical Research and Mental Health Programmes); POLYFON Knowledge Cluster for Music Therapy; The Grieg Academy Department of Music, University of Bergen, Norway; and a range of further governmental and university funding sources and foundations across participating countries (see Characteristics of included studies for details). Assessment of eligibility, extraction of data, and assessment of risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence of this study was performed by two independent review authors who were not involved in the study.

Cochavit Elefant (CE) has declared that she has no other conflicts of interest.

Monika Geretsegger (MG) has declared that she has no other conflicts of interest.

Christian Gold (CG) is an Associate Editor of the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Review Group, without it supporting or influencing his work on this review. He is entirely excluded from the editorial decisions and related activities concerning this review. CG is a member of the Austrian Professional Association of Music Therapists, and until 2020, worked as a health professional. CG reports a grant from the Kavli Trust for the project 'Music for Autism' (M4A), paid to NORCE Norwegian Research Centre. CG reports being involved in publications from three studies included in this review (Bieleninik 2017; Kim 2008; and Thompson 2014). He also reports publishing an invited commentary in the Lancet Child and Adolescent Health in 2019. CG reports being the PI of two studies (Bieleninik 2017, funded by the Research Council of Norway, National Institute of Health Research; and NCT04936048, funded by the Kavli Trust), as well as a statistical advisor for one study (Kim 2008, funded by Aalborg University) eligible for inclusion in this review; none of which supported or influenced his work on this review. Assessment of eligibility, extraction of data, and assessment of risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence of these three studies were performed by two independent review authors who were not involved in the studies.

Laura Fusar‐Poli is a Clinical Research Fellow (RTD‐A) and psychiatrist in training at the University of Catania, Italy. She has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Giovanni Vitale is a child psychiatrist in training. He has declared that he has no conflicts of interest.

Karin Mössler has declared that she has no other conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Sreen4Me summary diagram ‐ July 2020 search
3
3
Screen4Me summary diagram ‐ August 2021 search
4
4
Accumulation of evidence from 1995 to 2020. Key: black circles = parallel design; red circles = cross‐over design. Bubble sizes in panels (c) and (d) reflect number of participants randomised.
5
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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
6
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Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 1: Global improvement
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 2: Social interaction
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 3: Non‐verbal communication
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 4: Verbal communication
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 5: Quality of life
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 6: Total autism symptom severity
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 7: Adverse events
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 8: Adaptive behaviour
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 9: Quality of family relationships
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 10: Identity formation
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care, Outcome 11: Depression
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References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT03267095 {published data only}
    1. NCT03267095.Use music therapy in autism spectrum disorder [The use of music therapy in autism spectrum disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03267095 (first received 24 August 2017).

References to ongoing studies

ISRCTN18340173 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN18340173.Improvisational music therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder assessed using brain imaging [Music therapy outcome study for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder through integration of child neuroimaging and neuropsychology: an exploratory study]. doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN18340173 (first received 17 February 2019).
NCT03560297 {published data only}
    1. NCT03560297.SeRenade parent-child music class program [SeRenade parent-child music class program for families of children with and without ASD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03560297 (first received 21 May 2018).
NCT04557488 {published data only}
    1. NCT04557488.Effectiveness of music therapy in social skill intervention for children with ASD/ID [Effectiveness of music therapy in social skill intervention for children with ASD/ID: a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04557488 (first received 21 September 2020).
NCT04936048 {published data only}
    1. NCT04936048.Music for autism (M4A) [Music for autism: binational randomised controlled trial of music therapy versus play therapy for autistic children]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04936048 (first received 23 June 2021).

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