It is known that the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in the late adulthood are in connection with intrauterine retardation, characterized by low birth weight. One possible explanation of this phenomenon is the abnormality of hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex axis due to the accelerated growth. The authors investigated the steroid levels of young adults; whom birth weight were under 2500 g, and examined the relationship between hormone levels and some parameters of glucose metabolism and cardiovascular system. 75 subjects (43 female and 32 male patients, mean age: 19.6 and 19.8 years, respectively; range 18-22 ys) with low birth weight and without any sign of chronic disease, and 30 healthy, age-matched controls with normal birth weight were investigated. The basal serum cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (AD), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), estradiol (OE), sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), FSH, LH and insulin levels were determined. Moreover, oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose (OGTT), impedance cardiography as well as ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were done by all subjects. In both sexes in subjects with low birth weight the mean serum cortisol level was significantly higher, than in the normal controls. In female patients the serum DHEA, DHEAS, AD, and 17OHP levels were significantly higher than in the controls. Moreover, among these females a relationship was found between the elevations of adrenal and gonadal steroids and hyperinsulinemia, characterized by increased insulin response during OGTT. In male subjects a significant correlation was found between serum cortisol levels and systolic blood pressure and heart rate. In females there was a positive relationship between serum DHEA and heart rate. Summarized, the basic abnormality in patients with low birth weight seems to be a relative hypercortisolism, and in females because of hyperinsulinemia exists a mild hyperandrogenism as well. The hypercortisolism may cause cardiovascular abnormalities in males directly, while in females indirectly through the hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. These subtle abnormalities can be detected when no clinical signs present themselves, in young adulthood, giving the opportunity of taking preventive actions.