Comparison of Indices of Carbohydrate Quality and Food Sources of Dietary Fiber on Longitudinal Changes in Waist Circumference in the Framingham Offspring Cohort
- PMID: 33808767
- PMCID: PMC8003409
- DOI: 10.3390/nu13030997
Comparison of Indices of Carbohydrate Quality and Food Sources of Dietary Fiber on Longitudinal Changes in Waist Circumference in the Framingham Offspring Cohort
Abstract
The long-term impact of carbohydrate quality on abdominal weight gain is not fully understood. We aimed to examine the prospective relation of a carbohydrate quality index (CQI; defined by four criteria: dietary fiber, glycemic index, whole grain-to-total grain ratio, and solid-to-total carbohydrate ratio), total, cereal grain, vegetable, and fruit fiber, carbohydrate-to-total fiber ratio, and carbohydrate-to-cereal fiber ratio with changes in waist circumference (WC). Subjects were middle-aged to older, mostly white, participants in the Framingham Offspring cohort (n = 3101 subjects), with mean baseline age 54.9 ± 0.2 years (mean ± SE) and body mass index (BMI) 27.2 ± 0.1 kg/m2. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), health, and lifestyle data were collected approximately every four years over a median total follow-up of 18 years. Repeated measure mixed models were used to estimate adjusted mean change in WC per four-year interval across quartiles of carbohydrate variables. In the most adjusted model, a higher CQI was marginally associated with a smaller increase in WC (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.1 cm in highest vs. lowest quartile, p-trend = 0.04). Higher ratios of carbohydrate-to-fiber and carbohydrate-to-cereal fiber were associated with greater increases in WC per four-year interval (2.6 ± 0.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 cm, p-trend < 0.001, and 2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 cm in highest versus lowest categories, p-trend = 0.007, respectively); whereas higher intake of total fiber (1.8 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1 cm, p-trend < 0.001), cereal fiber (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.5 ± 0.1 cm, p-trend = 0.001), and fruit fiber (2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 2.7 ± 0.1 cm, p-trend < 0.001) were associated with smaller increases in WC compared to lower intakes. There was a significant interaction between total fiber and total carbohydrate (as % of total energy intake). After stratification, the association between fiber intake and change in WC was not maintained in the context of a high carbohydrate diet. Better carbohydrate quality, primarily higher fiber intake and lower carbohydrate-to-fiber ratios, may help attenuate increases in abdominal adiposity over time.
Keywords: Framingham Offspring; abdominal adiposity; carbohydrate quality; dietary fiber; waist circumference.
Conflict of interest statement
C.M.S. and N.M.M. have received research funding from General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition; N.M.M. is an unpaid Scientific Advisor for Whole Grains Council and has received speaker honorarium from General Mills Inc; all other authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/8003409/bin/nutrients-13-00997-g001.gif)
Similar articles
-
Association between a dietary carbohydrate index and cardiovascular disease in the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) Project.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Nov;26(11):1048-1056. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Jul 12. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016. PMID: 27524801
-
Whole- and Refined-Grain Consumption and Longitudinal Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.J Nutr. 2021 Sep 4;151(9):2790-2799. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab177. J Nutr. 2021. PMID: 34255848 Free PMC article.
-
Macronutrients Association with Change in Waist and Hip Circumference Over 9 Years.J Am Coll Nutr. 2017 Jan;36(1):57-63. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1183241. Epub 2016 Oct 31. J Am Coll Nutr. 2017. PMID: 27797648
-
Carbohydrate quantity and quality in relation to body mass index.J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Oct;107(10):1768-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.011. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007. PMID: 17904937 Review.
-
Dietary carbohydrate quality index and cardio-metabolic risk factors.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024 Jun;94(5-6):377-393. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000794. Epub 2023 Nov 27. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024. PMID: 38009678 Review.
Cited by
-
Association between quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake with selected anthropometric indices among primary school girls in Kerman city, Iran: a cross-sectional study.BMC Pediatr. 2024 Apr 24;24(1):267. doi: 10.1186/s12887-024-04739-6. BMC Pediatr. 2024. PMID: 38658854 Free PMC article.
-
Association between dietary carbohydrate to fiber ratio and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease in adults: evidence from the NHANES 2017-2020.J Health Popul Nutr. 2024 Mar 28;43(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s41043-024-00543-1. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024. PMID: 38549151 Free PMC article.
-
Association of dietary carbohydrate and fiber ratio with postmenopausal bone mineral density and prevalence of osteoporosis: A cross-sectional study.PLoS One. 2024 Feb 14;19(2):e0297332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297332. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 38354209 Free PMC article.
-
How do carbohydrate quality indices influence on bone mass density in postmenopausal women? A case-control study.BMC Womens Health. 2023 Jan 31;23(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s12905-023-02188-4. BMC Womens Health. 2023. PMID: 36721166 Free PMC article.
-
Relationship between dietary energy intake, nutritional status and cardiovascular risk in adults from the communes of Quellón and Chonchi, Chiloé, Chile.J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 27;63(3):E435-E441. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.3.2486. eCollection 2022. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022. PMID: 36415288 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Wang Y., Beydoun M.A., Min J., Xue H., Kaminsky L.A., Cheskin L.J. Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. Int. J. Epidemiol. Oxf. Acad. 2020;49:810–823. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz273. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Müller M.J., Lagerpusch M., Enderle J., Schautz B., Heller M., Bosy-Westphal A. Beyond the body mass index: Tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes. 2012;13(Suppl. 2):6–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01033.x. - DOI - PubMed
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical