Endothelial Glycocalyx
- PMID: 35997082
- PMCID: PMC10214841
- DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210029
Endothelial Glycocalyx
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation-mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation-mechanotransduction of blood flow-dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow-mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associated with a variety of pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastatic cancer, and diabetic vasculopathies. Consequently, ongoing research efforts are focused on deciphering the mechanisms that promote glycocalyx degradation or limit its syntheses, as well as on therapeutic approaches to improve glycocalyx integrity with the goal of reducing vascular disease. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-31, 2022.
Copyright © 2022 American Physiological Society. All rights reserved.
Figures
Similar articles
-
The role of endothelial glycocalyx components in mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Mar 30;355(1):228-33. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.137. Epub 2007 Feb 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007. PMID: 17291452 Free PMC article.
-
Endothelial Glycocalyx-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Response to Selective AFM Pulling.Biophys J. 2017 Jul 11;113(1):101-108. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.033. Biophys J. 2017. PMID: 28700908 Free PMC article.
-
Mechanotransduction and the endothelial glycocalyx: Interactions with membrane and cytoskeletal proteins to transduce force.Curr Top Membr. 2023;91:43-60. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Mar 10. Curr Top Membr. 2023. PMID: 37080680 Review.
-
Cancer cell glycocalyx mediates mechanotransduction and flow-regulated invasion.Integr Biol (Camb). 2013 Nov;5(11):1334-43. doi: 10.1039/c3ib40057c. Epub 2013 Sep 30. Integr Biol (Camb). 2013. PMID: 24077103 Free PMC article.
-
Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Shield Against Diabetic Vascular Complications: Involvement of Hyaluronan and Hyaluronidases.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018 Jul;38(7):1427-1439. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.310839. Epub 2018 Jun 7. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018. PMID: 29880486 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Endothelial Glycocalyx Dysfunction during Heart Surgery.Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Apr 23;46(5):3794-3809. doi: 10.3390/cimb46050236. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024. PMID: 38785504 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Global research progress of endothelial cells and ALI/ARDS: a bibliometric analysis.Front Physiol. 2024 May 7;15:1326392. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1326392. eCollection 2024. Front Physiol. 2024. PMID: 38774649 Free PMC article.
-
Managing sepsis and septic shock in an endothelial glycocalyx-friendly way: from the viewpoint of surviving sepsis campaign guidelines.Ann Intensive Care. 2024 Apr 24;14(1):64. doi: 10.1186/s13613-024-01301-6. Ann Intensive Care. 2024. PMID: 38658435 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Destruction of vascular endothelial glycocalyx during formation of pre-metastatic niches.Heliyon. 2024 Apr 1;10(7):e29101. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29101. eCollection 2024 Apr 15. Heliyon. 2024. PMID: 38601565 Free PMC article.
-
Basal endothelial glycocalyx's response to shear stress: a review of structure, function, and clinical implications.Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024 Mar 18;12:1371769. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1371769. eCollection 2024. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024. PMID: 38562144 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Aird WC. Phenotypic heterogeneity of the endothelium: I. Structure, function, and mechanisms. Circ Res 100: 158–173, 2007. - PubMed
-
- Almenara CCP, Oliveira TF, and Padilha AS. The Role of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cadmium-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction. Current pharmaceutical design 26: 3667–3675, 2020. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources