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. 2018 Jul 6;4(1):129-140.
doi: 10.1002/btm2.10092. eCollection 2019 Jan.

Biodegradable bioadhesive nanoparticle incorporation of broad-spectrum organic sunscreen agents

Hee-Won Suh  1 , Julia Lewis  2 , Linda Fong  1 , Julie Ying Ramseier  2 , Kacie Carlson  2 , Zheng-Hong Peng  1 , Emily Sara Yin  2 , W Mark Saltzman  1 , Michael Girardi  2
Affiliations

Biodegradable bioadhesive nanoparticle incorporation of broad-spectrum organic sunscreen agents

Hee-Won Suh et al. Bioeng Transl Med. .

Abstract

Conventional emulsion-based sunscreen formulations are limited by postapplication epicutaneous penetration that increases the risk of allergic dermatitis, cellular damage, and filter photodegradation upon ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Encapsulation of the UVB filter padimate O within bioadhesive biodegradable nanoparticles (BNPs) composed of poly(d,l-lactic acid)-hyperbranched polyglycerol was previously shown to enhance UVR protection while preventing skin absorption. Herein, we assess the capacity of BNP co-incorporation of avobenzone and octocrylene to provide broad-spectrum UVR protection. The ratio of UV filters within nanoparticles (NPs) was optimized for filter-filter stabilization upon UV irradiation and maximum drug loading. In vitro water-resistance test showed significant particle retention at 85% over 3 hr. In a pilot clinical study, protection against UVR-induced erythema of BNPs was found to be comparable to the FDA standard P2. Thus, sunscreen formulations utilizing BNP incorporation of a combination of organic filters may offer key safety and performance advantages.

Keywords: clinical study; drug delivery; nanoparticle; photodegradation; reactive oxygen species; sunscreen; ultraviolet radiation.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Synthetic scheme of PLA‐HPG. (b) Synthetic scheme of PLA‐HPG nanoparticles and surface modification to BNPs. (c) Molecular structure of avobenzone (AVO), octinoxate (OCT), and octocrylene (OCR)
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) UV absorbance retention of AVO‐, OCT‐, OCR‐, AVO/OCT‐, and AVO/OCR‐NPs after 2 hr of UV irradiation analyzed at λmax of AVO (360 nm). (b) UV absorbance retention of UVB filter post‐UV irradiation analyzed at λmax of respective UVB filters (OCT in NP: 306 nm, OCT in oil: 290 nm, OCR in NP: 304 nm). (c) Representative TEM of 1:1‐AVO/OCT‐NP (Scale bar: 200 nm)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Photoprotection of OCR on AVO in NPs. (a) Initial absorption spectra of NPs. (b‐f) Temporal change in the UV absorbance of NPs under UV irradiation of (b) AVO, (c) OCR, (d) 1:1 AVO/OCR, (e) 1:2 AVO/OCR, (f) 1:3 AVO/OCR. (g) Percent remaining of OCR by HPLC. (h) Percent remaining of AVO by HPLC. (i) ROS was measured by fluorescence of R123 in UV irradiated samples of 1:3‐AVO/OCR‐NP or emulsion at each time point
Figure 4
Figure 4
Characterization of nanoparticles used in clinical studies. (a) Hydrodynamic size distribution of 1:3‐AVO/OCR‐NNPs and BNPs at maximum loading (n = 9) (b) Comparison of ZP of NNPs and BNPs. Each dot represents an average three readings from one batch. (c) TEM image of 1:3‐AVO/OCR‐BNPs (Scale bar: 200 nm). (d) BNP stability at 4°C over 2 months. (e) UV absorbance of 0.01% BNPs in DI water vs. DMSO (dissolved). (f) UV absorbance retention of 35% NPs measured on PMMA plate before and after 800 J/m2
Figure 5
Figure 5
Water resistance of sunscreen nanoparticles. (a) Retention of NNPs and BNPs on PLL‐coated VITRO‐SKIN®. (b) UV absorbance retention after water‐resistance test at 150 rpm for 3 hr
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Clinical study timeline. (b) UV dose to induce MED on unprotected (MEDu) versus protected (MEDp) skin. Sunscreen‐NP protection is comparable to high SPF (15) Standard P2
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