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. 2016 Dec 14;283(1844):20161948.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1948.

Automatic facial mimicry in response to dynamic emotional stimuli in five-month-old infants

Tomoko Isomura  1 , Tamami Nakano  2   3
Affiliations

Automatic facial mimicry in response to dynamic emotional stimuli in five-month-old infants

Tomoko Isomura et al. Proc Biol Sci. .

Abstract

Human adults automatically mimic others' emotional expressions, which is believed to contribute to sharing emotions with others. Although this behaviour appears fundamental to social reciprocity, little is known about its developmental process. Therefore, we examined whether infants show automatic facial mimicry in response to others' emotional expressions. Facial electromyographic activity over the corrugator supercilii (brow) and zygomaticus major (cheek) of four- to five-month-old infants was measured while they viewed dynamic clips presenting audiovisual, visual and auditory emotions. The audiovisual bimodal emotion stimuli were a display of a laughing/crying facial expression with an emotionally congruent vocalization, whereas the visual/auditory unimodal emotion stimuli displayed those emotional faces/vocalizations paired with a neutral vocalization/face, respectively. Increased activation of the corrugator supercilii muscle in response to audiovisual cries and the zygomaticus major in response to audiovisual laughter were observed between 500 and 1000 ms after stimulus onset, which clearly suggests rapid facial mimicry. By contrast, both visual and auditory unimodal emotion stimuli did not activate the infants' corresponding muscles. These results revealed that automatic facial mimicry is present as early as five months of age, when multimodal emotional information is present.

Keywords: EMG; emotion; facial mimicry; infants.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A schema of the stimulus video clip. A stimulus set involving seven experimental conditions, each of which consisted of a 6 s fixation clip, followed by the three 3 s clips presented by different models.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
EMG activity of the (a) corrugator supercilii and (b) zygomaticus major for each modality condition. Mean muscle activity (percentage of baseline) for each 500 ms time-window after stimulus onset. The error bar represents the standard error across participants. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction: **p < 0.01/18; *p < 0.05/18.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Changes in muscle activity with repeated presentation of stimulus clips for (a) corrugator supercilii and (b) zygomaticus major. Mean muscle activity (percentage of baseline) for the first/second/third clip in a trial. The error bar represents the standard error across participants. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction: **p < 0.01/9; *p < 0.05/9.
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