Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies
- PMID: 27094586
- PMCID: PMC4837230
- DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1753
Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies
Abstract
Objective: To develop a practical evidence based list of clinical risk factors that can be assessed by a clinician at ≤ 16 weeks' gestation to estimate a woman's risk of pre-eclampsia.
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Data sources: PubMed and Embase databases, 2000-15.
Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Cohort studies with ≥ 1000 participants that evaluated the risk of pre-eclampsia in relation to a common and generally accepted clinical risk factor assessed at ≤ 16 weeks' gestation.
Data extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data from included studies. A pooled event rate and pooled relative risk for pre-eclampsia were calculated for each of 14 risk factors.
Results: There were 25,356,688 pregnancies among 92 studies. The pooled relative risk for each risk factor significantly exceeded 1.0, except for prior intrauterine growth restriction. Women with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome had the highest pooled rate of pre-eclampsia (17.3%, 95% confidence interval 6.8% to 31.4%). Those with prior pre-eclampsia had the greatest pooled relative risk (8.4, 7.1 to 9.9). Chronic hypertension ranked second, both in terms of its pooled rate (16.0%, 12.6% to 19.7%) and pooled relative risk (5.1, 4.0 to 6.5) of pre-eclampsia. Pregestational diabetes (pooled rate 11.0%, 8.4% to 13.8%; pooled relative risk 3.7, 3.1 to 4.3), prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) >30 (7.1%, 6.1% to 8.2%; 2.8, 2.6 to 3.1), and use of assisted reproductive technology (6.2%, 4.7% to 7.9%; 1.8, 1.6 to 2.1) were other prominent risk factors.
Conclusions: There are several practical clinical risk factors that, either alone or in combination, might identify women in early pregnancy who are at "high risk" of pre-eclampsia. These data can inform the generation of a clinical prediction model for pre-eclampsia and the use of aspirin prophylaxis in pregnancy.
Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at
Figures
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Comment in
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Authors' reply to Thilagnathan.BMJ. 2016 May 24;353:i2889. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2889. BMJ. 2016. PMID: 27220841 No abstract available.
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Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia early pregnancy: problems with systematic review.BMJ. 2016 May 24;353:i2885. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2885. BMJ. 2016. PMID: 27220957 No abstract available.
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Pre-eclampsia paper raises dilemma for clinicians starting aspirin in high risk women.BMJ. 2016 Jun 22;353:i3403. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3403. BMJ. 2016. PMID: 27333882 No abstract available.
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Authors' reply to Rafi.BMJ. 2016 Jun 22;353:i3402. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i3402. BMJ. 2016. PMID: 27334104 No abstract available.
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