The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women
- PMID: 23591120
- PMCID: PMC5857384
- DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513000792
The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction may result in greater improvements in insulin sensitivity and weight control than daily energy restriction (DER). We tested two intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR) regimens, including one which allowed ad libitum protein and fat (IECR+PF). Overweight women (n 115) aged 20 and 69 years with a family history of breast cancer were randomised to an overall 25 % energy restriction, either as an IECR (2500-2717 kJ/d, < 40 g carbohydrate/d for 2 d/week) or a 25 % DER (approximately 6000 kJ/d for 7 d/week) or an IECR+PF for a 3-month weight-loss period and 1 month of weight maintenance (IECR or IECR+PF for 1 d/week). Insulin resistance reduced with the IECR diets (mean - 0·34 (95% CI - 0·66, - 0·02) units) and the IECR+PF diet (mean - 0·38 (95% CI - 0·75, - 0·01) units). Reductions with the IECR diets were significantly greater compared with the DER diet (mean 0·2 (95% CI - 0·19, 0·66) μU/unit, P= 0·02). Both IECR groups had greater reductions in body fat compared with the DER group (IECR: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·5, - 4·9) kg, P= 0·007; IECR+PF: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·8, - 4·7) kg, P= 0·019; DER: mean - 2·0 (95% CI - 1·0, 3·0) kg). During the weight maintenance phase, 1 d of IECR or IECR+PF per week maintained the reductions in insulin resistance and weight. In the short term, IECR is superior to DER with respect to improved insulin sensitivity and body fat reduction. Longer-term studies into the safety and effectiveness of IECR diets are warranted.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Figures
Comment in
-
Zwei Tage pro Woche fasten reicht.MMW Fortschr Med. 2016 Mar 31;158(6):49. doi: 10.1007/s15006-016-8003-9. MMW Fortschr Med. 2016. PMID: 27084161 German. No abstract available.
Similar articles
-
Carbohydrate restriction in the morning increases weight loss effect of a hypocaloric Mediterranean type diet: a randomized, parallel group dietary intervention in overweight and obese subjects.Nutrition. 2020 Mar;71:110578. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110578. Epub 2019 Sep 5. Nutrition. 2020. PMID: 31838462 Clinical Trial.
-
The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women.Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 May;35(5):714-27. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.171. Epub 2010 Oct 5. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011. PMID: 20921964 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate v. high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate weight-loss diet on antioxidant status, endothelial markers and plasma indices of the cardiometabolic profile.Br J Nutr. 2011 Jul;106(2):282-91. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511000092. Br J Nutr. 2011. PMID: 21521539 Clinical Trial.
-
Intermittent energy restriction and weight loss: a systematic review.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Mar;70(3):292-9. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.195. Epub 2015 Nov 25. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016. PMID: 26603882 Review.
-
Long term weight maintenance after advice to consume low carbohydrate, higher protein diets--a systematic review and meta analysis.Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Mar;24(3):224-35. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.11.006. Epub 2013 Dec 20. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014. PMID: 24472635 Review.
Cited by
-
Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting.Microb Physiol. 2024;34(1):142-152. doi: 10.1159/000540068. Epub 2024 Jul 2. Microb Physiol. 2024. PMID: 38955141 Review.
-
Effect of Intermittent vs. Continuous Energy Restriction on Visceral Fat: Protocol for The Healthy Diet and Lifestyle Study 2 (HDLS2).Nutrients. 2024 May 14;16(10):1478. doi: 10.3390/nu16101478. Nutrients. 2024. PMID: 38794715 Free PMC article.
-
Self-initiated lifestyle changes during a fasting-mimicking diet programme in patients with type 2 diabetes: a mixed-methods study.BMC Prim Care. 2024 May 2;25(1):148. doi: 10.1186/s12875-024-02405-5. BMC Prim Care. 2024. PMID: 38698355 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Intermittent Fasting-Improved Glucose Homeostasis Is Not Entirely Dependent on Caloric Restriction in db/db Male Mice.Diabetes. 2024 Jun 1;73(6):864-878. doi: 10.2337/db23-0157. Diabetes. 2024. PMID: 38502858 Free PMC article.
-
Effects of combined dietary intervention and physical-cognitive exercise on cognitive function and cardiometabolic health of postmenopausal women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2024 Mar 5;21(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12966-024-01580-z. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2024. PMID: 38443944 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
References
-
- Henry RR, Scheaffer L, Olefsky JM. Glycemic effects of intensive caloric restriction and isocaloric refeeding in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:917–925. - PubMed
-
- Wadden TA, Anderson DA, Foster GD. Two-year changes in lipids and lipoproteins associated with the maintenance of a 5% to 10% reduction in initial weight: some findings and some questions. Obes Res. 1999;7:170–178. - PubMed
-
- Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2477–2483. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical