A fear response to a threat is a complex integration of three components: behavioral,
physiologic, and “emotional.” An adaptive fear response functions to protect the threatened
individual. Fear responses that occur out of the context of danger are maladaptive.
Maladaptive fear-related behavior disorders are common in both animals and humans.
Recent evidence points toward dysregulation of the brain noradrenergic system in the
pathophysiology of certain malaqaptive fear disorders in humans. Noise phobias in dogs are�…