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… However, there has been a change in how the reward system study's findings are
interpreted. The brain reward has evolved from a mostly … Mushroom bodies have
been identified as the critical regions of reward functions in the brains of insects�…

… as a signal and motivator, the reward system drives animals toward behaviors
associated with increased evolutionary fitness (Schultz, 2015). … The hijack
hypothesis argues that the MDS is susceptible to these false reward signals from�…

… Recent experimental findings suggest that several subcortical regions are
implicated in mediating brain function which is a significant shift from the cortico-centric
paradigm. One of them, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, has been shown to�…

… exposed animals used sensory-specific satiety of rewards instead of pairing
rewards with lithium-chloride induced illness. In a sensory-specific satiety procedure,
animals are conditioned to associate two distinct cues with two different rewards (eg�…

… We conducted multiple linear regressions predicting depressive symptoms with
two-way interaction terms between an individual cytokine … We also conducted
multiple linear regressions with a two-way interaction term between a primary�…

… and to explore how the task demands of multi-attribute integration shape the
temporal evolution of decision-related signals. In Chapter 2, we … decision signals
in the OFC. In Chapter 3, we designed two choice tasks to investigate the temporal�…

… We hypothesized that 1) high-demand and low-reward conditions would be
associated with cognitive fatigue, and 2) structural connectivity between and
cerebral activation within fronto-striatal brain regions would be associated with the�…

… In this section, we will discuss several examples in which different state
representations can affect the form of the TD error as it would be measured
experimentally though dopamine signaling. A key takeaway is that in order to make�…

… Given that CSF analysis and neuroimaging were normal or absent in several
patients, we are not able to definitively attribute the neurologic manifestations
observed to true CNS infection by Ehrlichia, particularly given the presence of risk�…

… Early signs of Alzheimer disease (AD) are difficult to detect, causing diagnoses to
be significantly delayed to time points when brain damage has already occurred and
current experimental treatments have little effect on slowing disease progression�…

… Here, we study whether these factors contribute to rapid diversification in two
Neotropical butterfly … We focus on two ithomiine genera, Melinaea and Mechanitis,
that have diversified … Western Amazonia (east of the Andes) and we find that many�…

… However, two studies reported correlations p > 0.05, albeit early signs of ischemia
on brain CT were associated with higher levels of MMP-9 (163 ng/mL [IQR: 110–193]
vs. 54 ng/mL [IQR: 38–74], p < 0.001) (40, 43). MMP-9 concentrations have also�…