A high level of encephalization is critical to the human adaptive niche and emerged among
hominins over the course of the past 2 Myr. Evolving larger brains required important�…

As only limited insight into behaviour is available from the archaeological record, much of
our understanding of historical changes in human cognition is restricted to identifying�…

Evidence used to reconstruct the morphology and function of the brain (and the rest of the
central nervous system) in fossil hominin species comes from the fossil and archeological�…

The recent literature on hominid paleoneurology is reviewed and critically assessed. Two
theoretical approaches for interpreting hominid paleoneurological data are discussed:(1)�…

Early hominid brain morphology is reassessed from endocasts of Australopithecus africanus
and three species of Paranthropus, and new endocast reconstructions and cranial�…

The evolution of the human brain has been a combination of reorganization of brain
components and increases of brain size through both hyperplasia and hypertrophy during�…

Since Darwin's time, the natural selection of adult features has been emphasized as the
dominant factor directing human evolution. In recent years, however, evolutionary scientists�…

Recent studies on the rate and pattern of dental development indicate that the growth and
maturation of early hominids were more similar to the extant apes than to modern humans�…

Homo neanderthalensis has a unique combination of craniofacial features that are distinct
from fossil and extant 'anatomically modern'Homo sapiens (modern humans). Morphological�…

We describe and evaluate the methods used to reconstruct the central nervous system
(CNS) of extinct hominin taxa. Overviews of each hominin taxon are provided, focusing on�…