Learning a second language (L2) has been shown to trigger structural brain adaptations.
However, available evidence has reported effects in various brain regions and in different�…

Research on the effects of bi-and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded
variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional�…

The past decades witnessed enormous growth of interests in brain mechanisms underlying
second language (L2) learning. Using a variety of neuroscience methods, such as functional�…

Few studies have examined the time course of second language (L2) induced
neuroplasticity or how individual differences may be associated with brain changes. The�…

The brain has an extraordinary ability to functionally and physically change or reconfigure its
structure in response to environmental stimulus, cognitive demand, or behavioral�…

The main issue the authors focused on in this contribution is to what extent the acquisition
and use of a second/third/fourth language leads to functional and structural changes in the�…

Subcortical structures implicated in language control and processing adapt structurally with
increasing language experience. However, the adaptation patterns across different�…

Brain plasticity associated with second language acquisition and learning has been a focus
of research in the past two decades. Recent research on cognitive neuroscience has�…

Bilingualism has been shown to affect the structure of the brain, including cortical regions
related to language. Less is known about subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia�…

While functional changes linked to second language learning have been subject to
extensive investigation, the issue of learning-dependent structural plasticity in the fields of�…