Probiotics have several health benefits by modulating gut microbiome; however, techno-
functional limitations such as viability controls have hampered their full potential applications�…

In recent years, there has been a strong focus on beneficial foods with probiotic
microorganisms and functional organic substances. In this context, there is an increasing�…

Lactobacilli are among the most common microorganisms found in kefir; a traditional
fermented milk beverage produced locally in many locations around the world. Kefir has�…

There have been a number of advances in probiotics and our understanding of their role in
prevention of CDI, but a number of important safety and efficacy questions remain. An�…

Bacterial surface (S) layers are the outermost proteinaceous cell envelope structures found
on members of nearly all taxonomic groups of bacteria and Archaea. They are composed of�…

Background & Aims Systematic reviews have provided evidence for the efficacy of probiotics
in preventing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but guidelines do not recommend probiotic�…

Clostridium butyricum is a human commensal bacterium with beneficial effects including
butyrate production, spore formation, increasing levels of beneficial bacteria, and inhibition�…

Postbiotics, which are bioactive substances derived from the metabolic processes of
beneficial microbes, have received considerable attention in the field of microbiome science�…

Kefir, a mildly acidic fermented milk, is produced by the addition of lactic acid bacteria and
yeasts to milk. The composition of kefir varies according to factors such as milk type and the�…

The evaluation of the impact of probiotics on host health could help to understand how they
can be used in the prevention of diseases. On the basis of our previous studies and in vitro�…