Sex-based differences in human disease are caused in part by the levels of endogenous
sex steroid hormones which regulate mitochondrial metabolism. This review updates a�…

As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and�…

Mitochondria are maternally inherited organelles that play critical tissue-specific roles,
including hormone synthesis and energy production, that influence human development�…

The US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 2013 decision to lower recommended
Ambien dosing for women has been widely cited as a hallmark example of the importance of�…

On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of
a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject�…

There is increasing awareness of the need to consider potential long-term effects of
antibiotics on the health of children. In addition to being associated with immune and�…

Growing evidence suggests that human gut bacteria, which comprise the microbiome, are
linked to several neurodegenerative disorders. An imbalance in the bacterial population in�…

Sex steroids are essential for whole body development and functions. Among these steroids,
17β-estradiol (E2) has been known as the principal “female” hormone. However, E2's�…

The relationship between the microbiota profile and exposure to stress is not well
understood. Therefore, we used a rat model of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to�…

Chronic pain occurs with greater frequency in women, with a parallel sexually dimorphic
trend reported in sufferers of many autoimmune diseases. There is a need to continue�…