Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of
potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, etc., which must be�…

The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by mammalian mitochondria is important
because it underlies oxidative damage in many pathologies and contributes to retrograde�…

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal metabolism and xenobiotic
exposure, and depending on their concentration, ROS can be beneficial or harmful to cells�…

This review examines the generation of reactive oxygen species by mammalian
mitochondria, and the status of different sites of production in redox signaling and pathology�…

Oxidative stress basically defines a condition in which prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the
cell is disturbed; cellular biomolecules undergo severe oxidative damage, ultimately�…

Significance: The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/reduced NAD+ (NADH) and
NADP+/reduced NADP+ (NADPH) redox couples are essential for maintaining cellular�…

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the�…

Biological tissues require oxygen to meet their energetic demands. However, the
consumption of oxygen also results in the generation of free radicals that may have�…

The discovery of regulated cell death presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control
over the life–death decisions made by cells in disease. Although apoptosis has been the�…

Mitochondrial superoxide production is an important source of reactive oxygen species in
cells, and may cause or contribute to ageing and the diseases of ageing. Seven major sites�…