Ability in various cognitive domains is often assessed by measuring task performance, such
as the accuracy of a perceptual categorization. A similar analysis can be applied to�…

Confidence judgments are typically less informative about one's accuracy than they could
be; a phenomenon we call metacognitive inefficiency. We review the existence of different�…

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality�…

Decisions are never perfect, with confidence in one's choices fluctuating over time. How
subjective confidence and valuation of choice options interact at the level of brain and�…

Human perceptual decisions are often described as optimal. Critics of this view have argued
that claims of optimality are overly flexible and lack explanatory power. Meanwhile�…

Humans have the capacity to evaluate the success of cognitive processes, known as
metacognition. Convergent evidence supports a role for anterior prefrontal cortex in�…

Metacognition is the ability to reflect on our own cognition and mental states. It is a critical
aspect of human subjective experience and operates across many hierarchical levels of�…

Metacognition is the capacity to evaluate and control one's own cognitive processes.
Metacognition operates over a range of cognitive domains, such as perception and memory�…

Metacognition supports reflection upon and control of other cognitive processes. Despite
metacognition occupying a central role in human psychology, its neural substrates remain�…

The metacognitive ability to introspect about self-performance varies substantially across
individuals. Given that effective monitoring of performance is deemed important for effective�…