Recent years have seen a blossoming of theories about the biological and physical basis of
consciousness. Good theories guide empirical research, allowing us to interpret data�…

Determining the psychological, computational, and neural bases of confidence and
uncertainty holds promise for understanding foundational aspects of human metacognition�…

The higher-order theory (HOT) of consciousness has often been misunderstood by critics.
Here, we clarify its position on several issues, and distinguish it from other views, such as�…

The role of the frontal cortex in consciousness remains a matter of debate. In this
Perspective, we will critically review the clinical and neuroimaging evidence for the�…

A thought-provoking argument that consciousness—more widespread than previously
assumed—is the feeling of being alive, not a type of computation or a clever hack In The�…

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality�…

When facing uncertainty, adaptive behavioral strategies demand that the brain performs
probabilistic computations. In this probabilistic framework, the notion of certainty and�…

This paper outlines a hierarchical Bayesian framework for interoception,
homeostatic/allostatic control, and meta-cognition that connects fatigue and depression to�…

Although neuroscientific research has revealed experience-dependent brain changes
across the life span in sensory, motor, and cognitive domains, plasticity relating to social�…

Background Distortions in metacognition—the ability to reflect on and control other cognitive
processes—are thought to be characteristic of poor mental health. However, it remains�…