Several lines of geological and geochemical evidence indicate that the level of atmospheric
oxygen was extremely low before 2.45 billion years (Gyr) ago, and that it had reached�…

Mapping closely to how ore deposit geology is now taught, this textbook systematically
describes and illustrates the major ore deposit types, linking this to their settings in the crust�…

There is widespread evidence for greenschist facies metamorphism in different rock types
within all the Witwatersrand gold mines. The silicate mineral assemblages suggest near�…

The presence of detrital uraninite and pyrite in fluvial placers of the Witwatersrand basin,
South Africa, has been used to infer low levels of atmospheric oxygen during the Archean (>�…

Alteration is recorded throughout much of the 3 km thick Upper Witwatersrand succession in
South Africa, and extends for 300 km around the basin and 50 km into the basin. The�…

The origin of the gold mineralization in the Witwaterstrand basin of South Africa—the largest
known gold province—has been controversial for decades, with arguments favouring�…

Although the gold mining industry in the Witwatersrand has passed its maturity, the
Witwatersrand basin remains by far the most important known gold-producing province�…

The Witwatersrand gold fields of South Africa account for more than a third of the world's
total gold production since mining started there in 1886: 48,000 t Au. These gold fields�…

Petrographic and sulphur isotope studies support the long‐held contention that rounded
grains of pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the Late Archaean Witwatersrand Supergroup�…

Low-salinity fluids (T> 200� C reduced S, modest CO2) and high geothermal gradients are
common to many gold deposits and provinces. In contrast, host rocks, hosting structures�…