With the explosion of neuroimaging, differences between male and female brains have been
exhaustively analyzed. Here we synthesize three decades of human MRI and postmortem�…

The prevalence, age of onset, and symptomatology of many neuropsychiatric conditions
differ between males and females. To understand the causes and consequences of sex�…

Finding one's way around an environment and remembering the events that occur within it
are crucial cognitive abilities that have been linked to the hippocampus and medial temporal�…

From an early age, musicians learn complex motor and auditory skills (eg, the translation of
visually perceived musical symbols into motor commands with simultaneous auditory�…

Sexual and asexual reproduction are found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.
Asexual reproduction has its advantages, chief among which is that it does not require the�…

Being born a girl or a boy has implications that carry considerably beyond chromosomal,
hormonal, and genital differences. In this chapter, we consider the developmental processes�…

ContextVarious anatomic brain abnormalities have been reported for attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with varying methods, small samples, cross-sectional�…

As the size of functional and structural MRI datasets expands, it becomes increasingly
important to establish a baseline from which diagnostic relevance may be determined, a�…

In this review, we report on studies that have assessed the effects of exogenous and
endogenous increases in stress hormones on human cognitive performance. We first�…

Learning and using an additional language is shown to have an impact on the structure and
function of the brain, including in regions involved in cognitive control and the connections�…