Basal ganglia (BG) circuits orchestrate complex motor behaviors predominantly via
inhibitory synaptic outputs. Although these inhibitory BG outputs are known to reduce the�…

Motor cortex, basal ganglia (BG), and thalamus are arranged in a recurrent loop whose
activity guides motor actions. In the dominant model of the function of the BG and their role in�…

The identification of distinct cell types in the basal ganglia has been critical to our
understanding of basal ganglia function and the treatment of neurological disorders. The�…

During the past decade, electrophysiological approaches have greatly improved
understanding of the involvement of the basal ganglia in motor behaviour. This review�…

The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles
underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood�…

The direct and indirect efferent pathways from striatum ultimately reconverge to influence
basal ganglia output nuclei, which in turn regulate behavior via thalamocortical and�…

The basal ganglia (BG) inhibit movements through two independent circuits: the striatal
neuron-indirect and the subthalamic nucleus-hyperdirect pathways. These pathways exert�…

Malfunctions of the basal ganglia cause movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease
and dystonia. Several models have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology of these�…

Movement suppression in Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to arise from increased
efficacy of the indirect pathway basal ganglia circuit, relative to the direct pathway. However�…

Several lines of evidence suggest that the role of the basal ganglia in motor control is of a
higher order than control of movements per se. First the striatum receives inputs from cortical�…