Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience over the past several years by allowing
researchers to modulate the activity of specific cell types, both in vitro and in vivo. One�…

Optogenetics is a powerful neuromodulatory tool with many unique advantages to explore
functions of neuronal circuits in physiology and diseases. Yet, interpretation of cellular and�…

Electrical and pharmacological stimulation methods are commonly used to study neuronal
brain circuits in vivo, but are problematic, because electrical stimulation has limited�…

We developed a method that uses Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) for transcranial optogenetic
stimulation. This method is based on scanning a light beam over the brain, thereby�…

A major long-term goal of systems neuroscience is to identify the different roles of neural
subtypes in brain circuit function. The ability to causally manipulate selective cell types is�…

Optogenetics offers an unprecedented ability to spatially target neuronal stimulations. This
study investigated via simulation, for the first time, how the spatial pattern of excitation affects�…

The exquisite intricacies of neural circuits are fundamental to an animal's diverse and
complex repertoire of sensory and motor functions. The ability to precisely map neural�…

Optogenetics—the use of optically activated proteins to control cell function—allows for
control of neurons with an unprecedented degree of spatial, temporal, and neurochemical�…

Optogenetics has become an indispensable tool for investigating brain functions. Although
non-human primates are particularly useful models for understanding the functions and�…

Highlights•State-of the art approaches to implement optogenetics in mammals.•Application
principles of optogenetic strategies in freely moving animals.•All-optical approaches�…