Current therapies for treating movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease are effective
but limited by undesirable and intractable side effects. Developing more effective therapies�…

The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system preferentially innervates the D3 receptor, whereas
the D2 receptor is, in addition, a target of the nigrostriatal DA system. In human brain D3�…

Background Dopamine transmission is involved in the maintenance of the structural
plasticity of direct‐pathway and indirect‐pathway striatal projection neurons (d‐SPNs and i�…

The past 25 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the basal ganglia. In the 1980s, a
series of studies yielded the now classic descriptions of basal ganglia connectivity and�…

The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia
is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been�…

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a delayed and potentially irreversible motor complication arising
in patients chronically exposed to centrally active dopamine D2 receptor antagonists�…

The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is reviewed in light of recent advances in the
understanding of the functional organization of the basal ganglia (BG). Current emphasis is�…

The basal ganglia (BG) are a highly organized network, where different parts are activated
for specific functions and circumstances. The BG are involved in movement control, as well�…

The basal ganglia are an intricately connected assembly of subcortical nuclei, forming the
core of an adaptive network connecting cortical and thalamic circuits. For nearly three�…

Dopamine (DA) neurons exist in two activity states; either spontaneously firing or quiescent
and nonfiring. When faced with a behavioral demand, the quiescent DA neurons can be�…