Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by two core
symptoms; impaired social interactions and communication, and ritualistic or repetitive�…

Autism is a heterogeneous disorder with a poorly understood biological basis. Some
children with autism harbor plasma autoantibodies that target brain proteins. Similarly, some�…

Maternal immune dysregulation is a prenatal risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Importantly, a clinically relevant connection exists between inflammation and metabolic�…

Autism results from several different etiologies or combination of pathological mechanisms.
Mounting evidence indicates that immune dysfunction along with an environmental�…

The hypothesis of an immune dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders has previously been
put forward without, however, compelling evidence of a direct relation to its etiology or�…

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and
social skills as well as repetitive and stereotypical behaviors. While much effort has focused�…

Epidemiological evidence has established links between immune activation during the
prenatal or early postnatal period and increased risk of developing a range of�…

Immune molecules such as cytokines and chemokines and the cells that produce them
within the brain, notably microglia, are critical for normal brain development. This recognition�…

Background Autism is a complex polygenic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
deficits in communication and social interactions as well as specific stereotypical behaviors�…

Recent evidence has emerged indicating that the maternal immune response can have a
substantial deleterious impact on prenatal development (Croen et al.,[2008]: Biol Psychiatry�…