The fundamental biological importance of rewards has created an increasing interest in the
neuronal processing of reward information. The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying�…

This article reviews neuronal activity related to reward processing in primate and human
brains. In the primate brain, neurophysiological methods provide a differentiated view of�…

Reward information is processed in a limited number of brain structures, including fronto-
basal ganglia systems. Dopamine neurons respond phasically to primary rewards and�…

Recent neurophysiological studies reveal that neurons in certain brain structures carry
specific signals about past and future rewards. Dopamine neurons display a short-latency�…

Reward information is represented by many subcortical areas and neuron types, which
constitute a complex network. Its output is usually mediated by the basal ganglia where�…

Advances in neurobiology permit neuroscientists to manipulate specific brain molecules,
neurons and systems. This has lead to major advances in the neuroscience of reward. Here�…

Scientific interest in how the brain processes reward has burgeoned during the past 50
years since the discovery that rats will do tasks such as pressing a lever to obtain electrical�…

Reward is one of the most important influences shaping behavior. Single-unit recording and
lesion studies in experimental animals have implicated a number of regions in response to�…

Information related to rewards is processed by a limited number of brain structures. Recent
studies have demonstrated that dopamine neurons respond to appetitive events, such as�…

The prefrontal cortex is involved in acquiring and maintaining information about context,
including the set of task instructions and/or the outcome of previous stimulus–response�…