Reward is one of the most important influences shaping behavior. Single-unit recording and
lesion studies in experimental animals have implicated a number of regions in response to�…

Functional neuroimaging research in humans has identified a number of brain areas that are
activated by the delivery of primary and secondary reinforcers. The present study�…

Responses to monetary reward in humans have been assessed in a number of recent
functional imaging studies, and it is clear that the neuronal substrates of financial�…

Controversial results have been reported concerning the neural mechanisms involved in the
processing of rewards and punishments. On the one hand, there is evidence suggesting that�…

Advances in neurobiology permit neuroscientists to manipulate specific brain molecules,
neurons and systems. This has lead to major advances in the neuroscience of reward. Here�…

Reward-seeking behavior depends critically on processing of positive and negative
information at various stages such as reward anticipation, outcome monitoring, and choice�…

Previous research has shown that two components of the event-related brain potential, the
P300 and feedback negativity, are sensitive to information about rewards and penalties. The�…

The fundamental biological importance of rewards has created an increasing interest in the
neuronal processing of reward information. The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying�…

Brain processing of reward information is essential for complex functions such as learning
and motivation. Recent primate electrophysiological studies using concepts from�…

Scientific interest in how the brain processes reward has burgeoned during the past 50
years since the discovery that rats will do tasks such as pressing a lever to obtain electrical�…