In this work, the ability of S-layer proteins from kefir-isolated Lactobacillus kefir strains to
antagonize the cytophatic effects of toxins from Clostridium difficile (TcdA and TcdB) on�…

Kefir is a dairy product obtained by fermentation of milk with a complex microbial population
and several health-promoting properties have been attributed to its consumption. In this�…

Clostridium difficile, an etiological agent of most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea,
exerts its pathological action mainly by the activity of toxin A and toxin B. Less known is the�…

Mucosal immunity is considered important for protection against Clostridium difficile infection
(CDI). We show that in hamsters immunized with Bacillus subtilis spores expressing a�…

Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen inhabiting the human gut, often being the
aetiological agent of infections after a microbiota dysbiosis following, for example, an�…

ABSTRACT Glucosylation of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 by Clostridium difficile toxin B from
strain VPI 10463 (TcdB) results in actin reorganization (cytopathic effect) and apoptosis�…

Escherichia coli and Salmonella are common pathogenic bacteria in human intestine, which
can infect epithelial cells and cause diseases. Adhesion to intestinal tissue is the first step of�…

Clostridium difficile is the primary cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the
Western world. The major virulence factors of C. difficile are two exotoxins, toxin A (TcdA)�…

Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are members of an important class of virulence factors
known as large clostridial toxins (LCTs). Toxin action involves four major steps: receptor�…

Saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, is effective in treating some patients with
Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. We have previously reported that S. boulardii�…