Information related to rewards is processed by a limited number of brain structures. Recent
studies have demonstrated that dopamine neurons respond to appetitive events, such as�…

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse�…

Recent neurophysiological studies reveal that neurons in certain brain structures carry
specific signals about past and future rewards. Dopamine neurons display a short-latency�…

Dopamine projections from the midbrain to striatum and frontal cortex play a major role in
behavioral reactions controlled by rewards. Recent experiments have shown that dopamine�…

1. We used single neuron recording techniques in two behaving monkeys to investigate the
conditions in which dopamine neurons respond to primary rewarding or potentially�…

Reward information is processed in a limited number of brain structures, including fronto-
basal ganglia systems. Dopamine neurons respond phasically to primary rewards and�…

Dopamine projections from the midbrain to the striatum and frontal cortex are involved in
behavioral reactions controlled by rewards, as inferred from deficits in parkinsonism�…

Animals learn not only about stimuli that predict reward but also about those that signal the
omission of an expected reward. We used a conditioned inhibition paradigm derived from�…

Recent advances in the cognitive neuroscience of motivation and learning have
demonstrated a critical role for midbrain dopamine and its targets in reward prediction�…

Many behaviors are affected by rewards, undergoing long-term changes when rewards are
different than predicted but remaining unchanged when rewards occur exactly as predicted�…