In the classical model of the basal ganglia, direct pathway striatal projection neurons
(dSPNs) send projections to the substantia nigra (SNr) and entopeduncular nucleus to�…

The direct and indirect efferent pathways from striatum ultimately reconverge to influence
basal ganglia output nuclei, which in turn regulate behavior via thalamocortical and�…

Studies of neuromodulation of spatial short-term memory have shown that dopamine D1
receptor (D1R) stimulation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) dose-dependently�…

Basal ganglia (BG) circuits orchestrate complex motor behaviors predominantly via
inhibitory synaptic outputs. Although these inhibitory BG outputs are known to reduce the�…

Dopamine (DA) signals in the striatum are critical for a variety of vital processes, including
motivation, motor learning, and reinforcement learning. Striatal DA signals can be evoked by�…

Disrupted mesocortical dopamine contributes to cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease
(PD). Past work has implicated medial frontal neurons expressing D1 dopamine receptors�…

The dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is essential for motor and procedure learning, but the role of
DLS spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of direct and indirect pathways, as marked�…

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer from severe sleep disorders. Pathophysiology
of the basal ganglia (BG) underlies PD, and the dorsal striatum represents the major input�…

Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience over the past several years by allowing
researchers to modulate the activity of specific cell types, both in vitro and in vivo. One�…

The primary motor cortex (M1) integrates various long-range signals from other brain
regions for the learning and execution of goal-directed movements. How the different inputs�…