Opinion: Sex, gender and the diagnosis of autism—A biosocial view of the male preponderance

S Goldman�- Research in autism spectrum disorders, 2013 - Elsevier
… yet less understood characteristic of autism is its unexplained male preponderance. Using
a … the diagnosis of ASD, these factors may contribute to the higher prevalence of males with …

Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: a review

SL Ferri, T Abel, ES Brodkin�- Current psychiatry reports, 2018 - Springer
… contribute to male preponderance of neurodevelopmental disorders, with a focus on autism.
… an autism diagnosis. Similarly, CNV enrichment was identified in mothers of individuals with …

[PDF][PDF] Gender ratios in autism, Asperger syndrome and autism spectrum disorder

P Whiteley, L Todd, K Carr, P Shattock�- Autism Insights, 2010 - triggered.edina.clockss.org
preponderance of males over females (approximating 4:1) has perhaps been the most constant
collective finding in autism … A sample of 1963 children diagnosed with autism (n = 460), …

Autism comorbidities show elevated female‐to‐male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis

EM R�dgaard, K Jensen…�- Acta Psychiatrica�…, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
… differences in how autism affects males and females. Such biological sex differences have
previously been proposed to explain the male preponderance in autism. One hypothesis …

Autism, females, and the DSM-5: Gender bias in autism diagnosis

JL Haney�- Social Work in Mental Health, 2016 - Taylor & Francis
… separately for males and females, … about autism is actually about males with autism” (p.
351). In cases where females have milder forms of autism, diagnosis occurs later than for males (…

Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders in Germany: time trends in administrative prevalence and diagnostic stability

CJ Bachmann, B Gerste, F Hoffmann�- Autism, 2018 - journals.sagepub.com
… and calculated the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder diagnoses for … diagnosis of
autism spectrum disorder in 2007 through 2012, investigating the percentage of retained autism

[PDF][PDF] Females and autism

A Rynkiewicz, A Lassalle, B King, R Smith…�- J Autism Dev�…, 2016 - researchgate.net
… Fourteen late-diagnosed high-functioning young adult females with autism participated in …
challenges of understanding the reported preponderance of males. The authors highlight that …

Male predominance in autism: neuroendocrine influences on arousal and social anxiety

DW Pfaff, I Rapin, S Goldman�- Autism Research, 2011 - Wiley Online Library
… Since the high male preponderance in autism is important yet understudied, we offer our …
Anxiety is frequent and often severe in autism, but it is not required for the diagnosis. …

How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders?

K Dworzynski, A Ronald, P Bolton, F Happ��- Journal of the American�…, 2012 - Elsevier
… explore sex differences in autistic traits in relation to diagnosis, to elucidate … male
preponderance is not unique to ASD (indeed most developmental disorders are more common in …

Etiologies underlying sex differences in autism spectrum disorders

SM Schaafsma, DW Pfaff�- Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2014 - Elsevier
… to discuss which of sex-differentiating factors might lead to the male preponderance in
ASD. … (occurred de novo), in her son diagnosed with typical autism and his brother who was …